Accepted Papers with Abstracts

EEEIC2017

Paper ID

Paper Title

Abstract

Author Names

Energy management of a smart house with PV and storage systems

In this paper new method for the management of a hybrid energy system with photovoltaic generation and local electrical energy storage in a smart house is proposed. The method considers the technical constraints of the storage systems and the productivity of the photovoltaic generator, with the aim of reducing the electricity bills without compromising the end-user comfort. The method uses Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to estimate the energy consumption, the cost, and the size of photovoltaic and storage systems. In this work the economical evaluation refers to the specific case of the Italian electricity market in the presence of dynamic pricing tariff.

Pierluigi Siano*, University of Salerno; Roberto Romano, University of Salenro; Mariano Acone, University of Salenro; Vincenzo Loia, University of Salerno

Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Integration Wind Power Generation to Meet Load Demand Growth

This article presents a new efficient method for optimal placement and sizing of wind power generators (WPG) in power networks with an objective of coping maximum loadability margin and minimizing reactive power loss. A new total voltage stability based on continuation power flow (CPF) theorem is used to model the problem. The method also highlights the effects of random characteristics of wind resources on loadability margin. Cuckoo search algorithm is applied to find the optimum placement and sizing of WPG since it presents several advantages of few control parameters, high solution quality and fast computational time. The experiment results of IEEE 9-bus show that the optimum location and size of WPGs are different from those considering power system loss and voltage deviation in objective function of the optimization process. A significant effect of the random characteristic of wind resource during load demand growth is revealed. The simulation results show that the CSA can be an efficient and promising method for optimal placement and sizing of WPG in power networks problem.

Saida Makhloufi*, Centre de Développement des En; Gobind Gopalakrishna Pillai, School of Science and Engineering Stephenson Building Teesside University; Djohra Koussa, Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables

A SINGLE PHASE GRID CONNECTION SCHEME OF A SWITCHED RELUCTANCE GENERATOR USING P-RESONANT (P-RES) CONTROLLER

This paper presents a study of the Switched Reluctance Generator dynamics when connected to a single-phase AC power grid. A mathematical model that includes magnetic saturation is used to represent the reluctance generator, which is driven by an asymmetric half bridge converter. Output generated voltage is smoothed with a shunt capacitor leading to a DC link voltage. This voltage is regulated using a P+RES compensator that governs the magnetizing angle of the generator phases. It is shown that introducing a freewheeling stage between the magnetizing and the demagnetizing states of each phase, allows for a better usage of mechanical power in the electromechanical conversion process. Injection of active power in the grid is performed by a current controlled PWM inverter synchronized by phase locked loop. The complete system is simulated and the experimental results are shown and discussed. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is demonstrated.

GHUNTER VIAJANTE*, IFG; Eric Chaves, IFG

Concept, Design and Implementation of Power System Component Simulator Based on Thyristor Controlled Transformer and Power Converter

Paper presents information on Power System Component Simulator – a unique device designed for LINTE^2 laboratory owned by Gdansk University of Technology in Poland. Paper is divided into five sections. First section of the paper provides introductory information on the Power System Component Simulator and its capabilities. In the second section of the paper concept of the unit is presented. Requirements for the unit are described as well as proposed and introduced functions are listed. Implementation details are given in third section of paper. Hardware structure is presented and described. Information about used communication interface, data maintenance and storage solution, as well as used Simulink real-time features are presented. List and description of all measurements is provided. Potential of laboratory setup modifications is evaluated. In the last section of the paper results of experiments performed using Power System Component Simulator are presented. This includes simulation of under frequency load shedding, frequency and voltage dependent characteristics of groups of load units, time characteristics of group of different load units in a chosen area.

Bartosz Kedra*, Institute of Power Engineering; Robert Małkowski, Gdańsk University of Technology

Power Quality Analysis of AC Electric Arc Furnace Connected to Power grids

A novel arc impedance model is proposed by separating resistance and inductance, as well as introducing the correction factor for inductance. Accordingly, the modified differential model of electric arc furnace (EAF) is established, and the method for estimating the model parameters is expounded. Furtherly, based on above model, the impact of both EAF and power grid on power quality is revealed, and the conclusions are consistent with the reality.

Hailong Zhang*, Nanjing Normal University; Liang Wang, Jiangsu Keneng Electric Power Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd.; Wei Yan, Nanjing Normal University; Enrong Wang, Nanjing Normal University

A MODEL FOR CLOUD-BASED LARGE SCALE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES

Smart grid is an emerging technology for the generation, distribution and utilization of energy resources in the modern world. Major countries such as UK, USA and Germany are involved in the research and development of cloud-based smart grid technologies. Some of the common characteristics of these technologies include real time monitoring of production, distribution and usage, emission control, fraud detection and prevention. This paper deals with three different case studies of such technologies developed by UK, Germany and USA respectively. These technologies were evaluated based on certain assessment criteria derived from the content analysis of selected journal articles. One among them was identified to be satisfying these assessment criteria. Motivated from these case studies, we developed a theoretical model of the large scale cloud-based smart grid system

shanu Aziz, University of Johannesburg; Meera Joseph*, University of Johannesburg; Hendrik Ferreira, University of Johannesburg

UTILITY BASED FUNCTION FOR OPTIMIZING FEMTOCELLS

The need for network coverage in an indoor setting has brought the acceptance of femtocells as a possible solution. The remarkable thing about the new technology called femtocells is that it improves coverage and enhances the data rate more than the macro cell. The mobile operators must always ensure an optimal network that results in quality and performance of service. Thus quality of service indicates the most significant aspect for the satisfaction of networks user, particularly for the deployment of the femtocells. Here, we focus on the deployment of femtocells through the utility function to optimize each region for the deployment of the femtocells in the cellular network. The utility-based function takes into account the transmitting power of each region and the capacity of the system. This reduces interference constraint within the regions and optimizes the network. Through the simulation results, we show that utility based function enhances the optimal network for inner and outer regions of the cellular network.

Akindeji Akinlabi, University of Johannesburg; Meera Joseph*, University of Johannesburg

Prediction Of Latvian Electrical Power System In Terms Of Stability

Abstract—The electric power system (EPS) is exposed to small and large impacts during operation, such as changes of loads, commutation of circuit elements, changes of generation of active and reactive power, the impact of automation, (all of them are examples of normal relatively small disturbances), as well as short circuits, large load resets and load surge, unauthorized shutdown of equipment, work of protections and anti-damage automation (those are examples of large disturbances). The purpose of this paper is to provide methods for detection of network parameters that are most vulnerable (voltage drop) to external impacts (sensors), determine their relationship with EPS parameters, try to use this information for improvement of EPS behavioural properties. Thus, availability of information on the location of sensors allows determining and controlling nodes, in which the biggest oscillations of operational parameters are observed due to disturbances in the system.

Aleksejs Sobolevskis*, Riga Technical University; Inga Zicmane, Riga Technical University

Building smart energy systems on Croatian Islands by increasing integration of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles

In the Croatian territory of Adriatic Sea there are 49 inhabited islands with total population of 124,955 people according the census from 2011. Many studies and analyses showed that inhabited Croatian islands can all meet their energy needs from locally available renewable energy sources. Studies have been done for the islands Krk, Unije, Losinj in the North Adriatic, and Mljet, Lastovo and Korcula in the south Adriatic Sea. Building the smart energy systems on the Croatian islands has become crucial in order to increase penetration of renewable energy sources and make local transport more sustainable. Paper in the first part presents results of modelling of energy systems in Croatian islands with high share of renewable energy sources, energy storage, hydrogen and electric vehicles. In the second part paper brings results of proposed financial mechanisms and strategies for building a smart energy systems.

Goran Krajačić*, University of Zagreb, FSB; Neven Duić, University of Zagreb, FSB; Tomislav Pukšec, University of Zagreb, FSB; Antun Pfeifer, University of Zagreb, FSB; Nikola Matak, University of Zagreb, FSB; Fran Bošković, University of Zagreb, FSB; Viktorija Dobravec, FSB

Flow Accelerator For Wind Power Installations With The Vertical Rotation Axis

The article presents a research aimed at determining the hub geometric parameters enabling maximum of the air flow acceleration. In the course of the research work different installations were investigated - from simple to complex structures – in order to analyze the necessity of making certain parts of the accelerator more complicated and modernized, as well as to obtain optimal geometry of the structure. Also the paper presents the results of simulation and experimental studies of the tower type air flow vortex accelerator.

Anton Bubenchikov*, OmTSU

A Non Invasive Condition Monitoring System for Motor Coupled Gears

A non-invasive condition monitoring system for the diagnosis of gear faults is extremely vital for induction motors to operate them safely and reliably. The previously used invasive condition monitoring techniques needs direct access to the motor to collect and analyze data. The sensors used in invasive techniques are quite expensive. A non-invasive defect diagnostic system is proposed in this study to monitor motor coupled gear defects. The proposed system employs the instantaneous power analysis method. This is a unique system for diagnostic condition monitoring which allows for the non-stop tracking in real time of various gear defects. It also determines the severity of the defects. In this way, it can be adopted for decision making that is not only fast but also reliable. The severity of different gear defects was studied through experimentation, and then the results were analyzed. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified by the results from the actual hardware implementation.

Muhammad Irfan*, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Computation of Electric Fields Around Parallel HV and EHV Overhead Transmission Lines in Egyptian Power Network

The aim of this paper is to compute the electric fields of parallel high and extra high voltage transmission lines in Egyptian power network. Three parallel high and extra high transmission lines are analysed and simulated. The first two lines are the same configurations with voltage of 220 kV, double circuit, two bundles. The third line is a flat configuration, 500 kV, three bundles, and single circuit. The charge simulation technique (CST) is used to calculate the electric field at ground level for these lines. The maximum electric field of the three lines is affected by changing the phase sequence for each line and the spacings between them. The effect of changing the line`s phase sequence on the spatial distribution of the electric field is also studied. The effect of taking one on sub-circuit or line of is out of service is also studied.

Mohamed Samy*, Beni-Suef University; Ahmed Emam, Cairo University

Cost – benefit analysis of CHP plants taking into account air cooling technologies

The ambient temperature has a negative effect on gas turbine (GT) performance, i.e., the power output of GT decreases with the increment of ambient air temperature. This negative effect is solved by air cooling before the compressor of GT unit. Mainly the air cooling technologies are widely used in regions with hot climate to produce additional electricity and cover the peak demand of it. In this publication the methodology is going to be introduced to evaluate the economic benefit from air cooling technologies by selling added electricity at electricity power exchange, i.e. the adjustment of combined and heat power (CHP) plants operation to electricity price fluctuation through the use of air cooling technologies.

Polina Ivanova*, RTU; Antans Sauhats, ; Olegs Linkevics,

Mathematical describtion of combined cycle gas turbine power plants’ transient modes

Combined heat and power plants running conditions refer to the frequent start-ups and shut-downs with and without warm state preservation due to the nature of intermittent generation and electricity market mechanisms implementation. Recently the number of transient modes (shut-down, start-up, warm state preservation) increases dramatically. They are costly and unfavorable from technical, economic and environmental point of view. Now the transient modes cannot be omitted in cost benefit analysis and optimization models of power plants as it was admissible previously, when they were operated at based load. In this publication the mathematical description of transient modes is provided and mathematical models are introduced, which calculates the duration, produced energy amount and variable costs (fuel and CO2 emissions) of transient modes.

Polina Ivanova*, RTU; Olegs Linkevics, ; Antans Sauhats,

Integrating Tidal Energy to Solve Dynamic Economic Load Dispatch Problem using IWO

Integrating a renewable energy source to load dispatch problem has great impact on the environment, the economy and the performance of electric power systems. Tidal energy has the future potential to supply massive amounts of energy. In this paper, a novel approach to solve economic load dispatch problem integrating a tidal energy source is proposed. A novel algorithm based on invasive weed optimization method is used to solve the economic load dispatch problem under generation and load constraints. The proposed algorithm is implemented in MATLAB environment and tested on IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus system. Different test cases are proposed and the results show impact of tidal energy to electric power system performance and cost.

Michael Nagib*, German University in Cairo

Correlation Analysis of Partial Discharge Measurement Results

In the paper correlation analysis of partial discharge (PD) measurement results achieved using conventional electrical method and ultra-high frequency (UHF) method is presented. All measurements are proceeded under laboratory conditions on various PD model sources immersed in an insulation oil. Typical measuring system commonly used for electrical power transformers PD diagnostics is applied in the research. Supply voltage level as well as PD generating spark gap configuration and UHF measurement frequency band influence on correlation coefficients between registered physical quantities are investigated in the paper. Furthermore an aggregate comparative analysis of achieved results is presented which points out that correlation coefficients between registered apparent charge and UHF voltage results are in most cases higher than 0.8. Finally announced research results further practical application possibilities in fields of real life insulation systems PD diagnostics are proposed in the paper.

Michał Kunicki*, Opole University of Technology; ŁUKASZ NAGI, Opole University of Technology

High Density Quantum Dot Solar Cells for Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV)

For a conventional multijunction solar cell, a series circuit is used to model its performance and the current matching in each subcell becomes the key issue for achieving high efficiency. For a quantum dot based intermediate band solar cell (QD-IBSC) on the other hand, which also has a potential of achieving high efficiency, its equivalent electric circuit contains a parallel circuit component and this leads to a higher current generation. Due to this inherent property, heat management becomes challenging when operated under high concentrating operation. In this work, we propose a solution to this problem, where a wide bandgap cell is placed on top of QD-IBSC, which serves as a current constraint cell. For InAs/GaAs QD-IBSC, a junction with a bandgap energy of 1.7eV makes the overall theoretical cell efficiency of 46.0% for 1sun and 57.0% under 1000suns, which is about 15% higher than the efficiency of QD-IBSC without this constraint engineering. We also report on the first experimental results for which the a maximum AM1.5 efficiency of 26.8% has been achieved at 70suns.

Yoshitaka Okada*, University of Tokyo

A New Model of Processes Visibility for Reliability and Loss Management in Electric Distribution System

To achieve economic stability, distribution Company as an economic institution should be managed by various processes. In this study, the performance of distribution utility is investigated from viewpoint reliability and power loss indices, but the process-centred performance is monitored here. Therefore, the processes of components' supply chain are introduced by distribution system experts and new sub-indicators are extracted. Theses sub-indicators are used for monitoring and visibility of process performance, thus the control of distribution system is performed by historical data and experience of experts. Accordingly, the effective factors of each process on these sub-indicators are identified and a threshold value is defined which has been approved by distribution company as the desired value of the sub-indictor. Finally, the performance gap and improvement methods of each process are assessed in consultation with the managers and experts involved. Also, the performance of this method has been demonstrated in an electricity distribution company with real data.

Mohammad Esmaeil Honarmand*, Shahid Beheshti university; Mohammad Sadegh Ghazaizadeh, Shahid Beheshti University, Shahid Abbazspour pardis

Intelligent Housing Development Building Management System (HDBMS) for optimized electricity bills

Smart Buildings is a modern building that allows residents to have sustainable comfort with high efficiency of electricity usage. These objectives could be achieved by applying appropriate, capable optimization algorithms and techniques. This paper presents a Housing Development Building Management System (HDBMS) strategy inspired by Building Energy Management System (BEMS) concept that will integrate with smart buildings using Supply Side Management (SSM) and Demand Side Management (DSM) System. HDBMS is a Multi-Agent System (MAS) based decentralized decision making system proposed by various authors. MAS based HDBMS was established on an IEEE FIPA compliant multi-agent platform named JADE which is also a JAVA extension software. This allows agents to communicate, interact and negotiate with energy supply and demand of the smart buildings to provide the optimal energy usage and minimal electricity costs. This results in reducing the load of the power distribution system in smart buildings. This simulation studies show the potential of proposed HDBMS strategy to provide the optimal solution for Smart Building energy management.

Weixian Li*, University of Newcastle upon T

Fault Tolerant Traction Drive of Electrical Helicopter with Battery Electric Energy Storage

The paper presents the results of compliance assessment the values of reliability and fault tolerance of the helicopter’s traction electric traction to the project requirements. As a comprehensive parameter for the assessment of fault tolerance of the components with a number of degradation states, it is proposed to use the parameter degree of fault tolerance. On the basis of such a criterion the transition probabilities for the Multi-State System reliability Markov Models have been computed. The simulation and assessment results allow concluding about feasibility of traction drive topology and its compliance with the design requirements on the reliability and the future operational conditions of electrical helicopters.

Igor Bolvashenkov*, Technical University of Munich; Jörg Kammermann, Technical University of Munich (TUM); Hans-Georg Herzog, Technical University of Munich (TUM)

Applying Demand Side Managenet using a Generalised Grid Supportive Approach

The development of future power systems is facing challenges related to uncertainty in both securing the electricity networks and balancing energy supply and demand. Operators can deploy local controllers and control algorithms to prevent operation limit violations of the network. However, these local control actions might be too expensive or ineffective otherwise. Therefore, demand side management (DSM) and demand response (DR) applications have gained increasing attention from the power and energy research community as they can help to mitigate operation limit violations of the network and support system balancing. However, many DSM applications tent grid related issues, and do not take into account physical and geographic aspects of the network. Therefore, these DSM applications might not be capable of resolving any operation limit violations or even worsen them. In order to overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a new interface between the monitoring and control applications of network operators, and the demand side management applications of end users. Based on the predictive and real-time monitoring applications of the network operation, the network operator can trigger preventive and corrective local control actions. Whenever there are any ROLV after this, the network operator can trigger flexibility from DSM applications in order to resolve the ROLV. For this, based on the predictive and real-time monitoring applications, the interface will provide generalised information on the specific ROLV at hand, together with the sensitivity for changes in active power at specific geographical locations. This way, DSM applications with an arbitrary objective, will be capable to solve the ROLV by taking into account constraints on the sensitivity of changes in active power towards the ROLV at hand. With this, the DSM applications is able to respect the physical and geographical limits of the distribution network.

Niels Blaauwbroek*, Eindhoven University of Techno

Market Transactions of PEV Parking Lots in the Presence of Wind Generation

Growing development of renewable energy sources, particularly wind power, has caused great challenges in power system operations need to be carefully investigated. Variability in wind power generation is the main concern regarding wind integration which should be adjusted with a reasonable cost in order to maintain system balance between supply and demand. The continuous augment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) has made them as one promising solution due to their flexibility and low-emission. This paper evaluates the interaction of PEV Parking Lots (PLs) in both energy and reserve markets considering the impact of dispersed and gathered wind generation. To this end, a two-stage stochastic framework is adopted with the aim of modeling the day-ahead network-constrained market clearing. The proposed method considers the uncertainty of wind generation as well as the PEV owner’s behavior takes into account the arrival/departure time of PEVs to/from the PL, the initial state of charge (SOC) of PEVs, and their battery capacity using a set of scenarios. Several numerical analyzes are carried out to assess the reserve requirement as a result of dispersed or gathered wind generation. Also, the effectiveness of PEV PLs participation in energy and reserve market on wind integration is examined.

Ehsan Heydarian Forushani*, IUT; Mohammad Esmail Hamedani Golshan, IUT; Pierluigi Siano, University of Salerno

DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM BASED PROTECTION FOR A WIND FARM DOUBLE FED INDUCTION GENERATOR

— In remote areas, it is always preferred to generate electricity using wind power. A double-fed induction generator has always been a good choice to generate electric power from wind. It is not easy to detect internal short circuits on stator windings especially for those occurring within a few turns of the stator windings. The short circuit currents flowing in such cases cannot be determined by traditional relaying systems. In this paper a new simulation technique that can successfully identify internal winding failures is being introduced. The simulation is done via EMTP-ATP simulation programs. The performance of the double-fed induction generator during transient conditions including internal windings short circuits has been studied. The simulation uses discrete wavelet transform to extract features from the stator current, where a threshold value is set based on a set of training data obtained from simulation. The proposed algorithm proved to be accurate, reliable with much low computational burden.

Ali El-Rifaie*, American University of the Middle East (AUM)

Cloud-based IEC 61850 communication simulation using a standardized network model

The Italian norm CEI 0-16 uses IEC 61850 for communicating with distributed energy resources connected to the medium voltage grid. This paper illustrates a CIM-based software tool for the evaluation of the communication network requirements, in terms of bandwidth, for the widespread implementation of such use case, by using real distribution networks as simulation scenarios. The simulation environment has been designed from the start with the possibility of distributing the simulation on multiple physical hosts, possibly running in cloud environment.

Daniele Pala*, RSE S.p.A.; Gianluigi Proserpio, RSE S.p.A.; Enea Bionda, RSE S.p.A.; Federico Belloni, RSE S.p.A.

Influence of A/D quantization in the fast and accurate grid signal estimation for a PV system using I class Rife-Vincent time windows

Solar energy is one of the most popular renewable energy sources. The control process of the inverter in a PV system is usually based on the estimation of grid signal parameters: frequency, amplitude and phase. This paper presents a newly developed estimation method based on the FFT procedure, I class Rife-Vincent time windows and the 3-point spectrum interpolation. The accuracy in a real time system depends on several parameters: number of samples N, the value of window order H, number of A/D converter bits b, the value of signal periods in a measurement window CiR. Total estimation errors consist of two components but in practice (N=32, ..., 2048; b=8, .., 24) the component caused by using the A/D converter is dominant (inversely proportional to the square root of the N value and 2^b). Presented expressions allow to calculate maximum estimation errors for given values of b, N, H and CiR before starting the estimation process, which is very important from a practical point of view (e.g. optimal selection of the A/D converter). The estimation errors for CiR = 0.5 (10 ms), H = 3, b = 16 and N = 512 are approximately 10^-5 Hz/Hz.

Dariusz Kania*, Wroclaw University of Technology; Józef Borkowski,

Comparison of estimation methods in respect of speed and accuracy for the grid signal in photovoltaic systems

The analysis of multi-frequency signals (including the grid signal) is a very important issue. The estimation of parameters should be very fast and accurate. This paper presents the comparison of eight (five IpDFT methods, Prony’s method, TLS method and ESPRIT method) estimation methods in respect of speed and accuracy. One of them is a newly developed 3-point IpDFT method developed for photovoltaic systems to control the inverter, to determine the power quality, to estimate grid impedance, etc. It is based on the FFT procedure and maximum sidelobe decay time windows. Simulation research consisted of four main parts: 1) systematic errors calculated for the grid signal without disturbances; 2) estimation errors calculated for the signal distorted by harmonics; 3) estimation errors calculated for the signal distorted by AWGN noise with zero mean and variance σ2n; 4) obtaining the calculation time for every method. Parametric methods are generally more accurate than nonparametric methods but they are also much slower (about 10 to 2000 times for number of samples 10 to 3000). Moreover, the order of the signal model should be properly chosen. The proposed method is more accurate than other IpDFT methods and the calculation time is approximately the same.

Dariusz Kania*, Wroclaw University of Technology; Józef Borkowski,

Harmonic spectrum estimation and analysis of the voltage at the PCC of the distribution network connected to solar plant based on Parametric Algorithm (Music)

In recent years, distribution network-connected single-phase and three-phase solar power plants have been growingly used in order to increase network sustainability, reduce loss, and improve voltage profile. Merging renewable distributed generation sources (DG) in distribution networks has caused some problems in measurement of power quality parameters. The use of electronic power devices in photovoltaic systems leads to injection of harmonic and inter-harmonic components into the distribution networks and, consequently, deviation of the network frequency around the main frequency; furthermore, the switching frequency of static inverters used in DG sources causes an increase in emission of supra-harmonics. Type and structure of devices used in static inverters of photovoltaic systems play fundamental role in generation and injection of harmonics, inter-harmonics, and supra-harmonics. The present paper is aimed to analyze the harmonic spectrum analysis in range of 0-2KHz caused by 2&3-level inverters used in a photovoltaic system using MUSIC parametric algorithm. The spectrum analysis results obtained from the above-mentioned simulation would be compared with other methods such as FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) algorithm and Welch’s algorithm. Then the photovoltaic system’s harmonic emission rate in frequency range of 2-150 KHz caused by 2&3-level inverter would be evaluated. Simulation has been performed as Real-time in Matlab/Smiulink Software environment. Results indicated that the harmonic spectrum analysis in presence of DG sources using MUSIC algorithm had high resolution and low error percentage; furthermore, the emission rate of supra-harmonics (2-150 KHz) using NPC 3-level inverter has been reduced by 50%.

Javad Behkesh noshahr*, Aped co; Belal Mohamadi Kalesar, APED Co.

Second Order Sliding Mode Controller and Observer for a Wind Turbine System

The efficiency of the wind power conversions systems can be greatly improved using an appropriate control algorithm. In this work, a high order sliding mode (HOSM) control scheme based on super twisting algorithm is proposed. A robust aerodynamic torque observer based on super twisting algorithm is also designed in order to avoid the wind speed sensors. The proposed robust control law is based on a high order sliding mode control theory, that presents a good performance under system uncertainties and avoids the chattering problem that can appear in the traditional sliding mode control.

Oscar Barambones*, University of the Basque Count; Jose Gonzalez de Durana, University of the Basque Country

Using IoT Enabled Multi-Monitoring Data for Next-Generation EHS Compliance Management Systems

Environment, health, and safety (EHS) regulations require companies to perform many frequent inspections of the technical infrastructure and of their machinery equipment. Discovered problems need to be addressed immediately. In addition to that, EHS compliance can only be achieved when further human lead compliance management tasks are carefully completed. The adoption of “Internet-of-Things” (IoT) technologies will transform today’s prevailing factory automation to a new level with unprecedented possibilities. Our research targets to investigate these possibilities for the development of Next-Generation Compliance Management Systems that among others enable to automate inspection tasks. The article introduces a conceptual framework for a corresponding smart assistance system that makes use of IoT-enabled heterogeneous multi-monitoring data. From a diverse set of classical measuring devices and from business information systems data is obtained for a rule-based approach to provide users with compliance status information and also with advice for compliance enforcement actions. Among others, the framework is exemplified by describing typical monitoring data and decision rules used by the system.

Heiko Thimm*, Pforzheim University

Optimal Cost Analysis Study of Stand-Alone Renewable Energy Systems for Scrubland Area in Egypt

This paper represents a case study using a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) that supplies the requisite electrical load of a small-scale village in Egypt. The main objective of this study is to provide an economic assessment of using fuel cells (FC) in combination with other renewable energy resources for cost-effective, reliable, and sustainable electrical energy supply for the rural households in Monshaet Taher village at Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt. FC is simulated with photovoltaic panels (PV), wind turbines (WT), and batteries. Five combinations are presented in this paper to choose the most optimum one of them, which is PV/WT/battery, PV/FC, WT/FC, PV/WT/FC, and PV/WT/FC/battery hybrid systems. The sizing, optimization and economic assessment of the proposed systems were accomplished using HOMER software. A case study area, Monshaet Taher village at Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt with (29° 1' 17.0718"N, 30° 52' 17.04"E) is identified for economic feasibility in this work. HOMER optimization model plan was designed with annual average solar radiation scaled of 5.93 (kWh/m2/day), annual average wind speed for the location is 4.92 m/Sec. The net present cost (NPC) of the optimal power system is $1,233,317. The energy cost is about 0.1424 $/kWh, while the initial capital required is to be $916,728.

Mohamed Samy*, Beni-Suef University; Shimaa Barakat,

Calculation of Electric Fields Underneath and on Conductor Surfaces of Ultra High Voltage Transmission Lines

The aim of this paper is to calculate the electric fields around sub-conductor`s surface and underneath ultra-high voltage transmission lines. Two transmission lines of different configurations are modeled and simulated. The first line is an 800 kV, flat configuration, six bundles and single circuit in South Africa. The second line is 1100 kV, double circuit, eight bundles, in Japan. The charge simulation technique (CST) is used for calculating the electric field at one meter height underneath these lines. COMSOL computer program is used for electric field calculation at the surface of sub-conductors of for all mentioned configurations. The maximum electric field underneath the lines is 1.9 and 2.1 kVm-1 for the 800, and 1100 kV lines respectively. The effect of the phase sequence on the electric field for the double circuit transmission line is also studied and presented in this work. The average crest values of electric field at the sub-conductor`s surface for 800 kV line are 20.69, 23.87 and 20.59 kVcm-1 for phase A, B and C respectively against 22.79, 27.19 and 20.51 kVcm-1 for circuit one and 22.68, 27.55 and 20.35 kVcm-1 for circuit two of 1100 kV line

Mohamed Samy*, Beni-Suef University; Roshdy Radwan, ; Samar Akef,

Performance Prediction of Switched Reluctance Motor Under Eccentricity Fault

In the present paper, a parametric electromagnetic model is developed using ANSYS Finite Element (FE) package to carry out FE analysis for performance prediction of Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) under different types of Eccentricity Fault (EF). The model is created totally in ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) usable for various types of conventional SRMs. Applying the developed model to an 8/6 SRM, simulation results are given for eccentric motor and they are compared to those for healthy motor. All types of EF including static, dynamic and mixed are considered in this comparison.

Babak Ganji*, University of kashan; Reza Afzali, university of kashan

Topologies of Thyristor Controlled Reactor with Reduced Current Harmonic Content for Static VAR Compensators

This paper provides new topologies for thyristor controlled reactors TCR used for static VAR compensators SVC. This paper explains the need for these new topologies by providing the harmonic analysis of each type. The conventional TCR, two parallel TCR, two tapped inductors TCR and three tapped inductors TCR are explained and evaluated to be impeded in the SVC system. The design of each type is provided to control the inductive reactive power of the SVC. The harmonic analysis of each topology is obtained to get the most proper TCR. The ratings of the each TCR components are provided. These new topologies may be a method to control the inductive reactive power of the SVC with limited harmonic content or even zero current harmonics.

Dmitry Panfilov, Department of industrial electronics Moscow power engineering institute. Russia; Ahmed ElGebaly*, Tanta university; Michael Astashev, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky power engineering institute (JSC ENIN) Moscow, Russia

Energy Flexometer: smart integration of market-based demand response and energy management system

Demand flexibility is a research topic where demand response is widely adopted. Nevertheless, current studies and research approaches strive to consolidate generalize findings that can be used to build a consistent knowledge base for the integration of market-based demand response (DR) in energy management system (EMS). To this end, authors discuss how to utilize the current demand-driven (top-down) energy management system with a market-driven (bottom-up) demand response. Hence, this paper presents the challenges that characterize the research in the demand response integration in smart homes and building. Paper also introduces the concept and standardize design of “energy flexometer”, which is a key element of market based control mechanism (MCM) for the demand response. Lastly, paper presents a test concluding the fact that proposed energy flexometer is ready for integration within the standardized EMS.

Muhammad Babar*, Eindhoven university of technology

Design and Implementation of Real-Time Synchronous Generator Simulator for Test Field

This paper presents a novel simulator which is benefiting from using a machine model in stand-alone device as a simulator for simulating a power generator. The simulator has been implemented on a stand-alone board using DSP and FPGA. The main purpose of this simulator is to test and analysis new devices with power generator and their behaviors. Physical specifications and equations which are used in MAPNA Real Time Power System Simulator (MRTPS) are described. The simulator is connected to a real exciter panel and several test carried out.

Mohamadreza Faridghasemnia*, University; Reza Farid Ghasemnia,

Genetic Algorithm for Optimization of Power Switch Allocation in Distribution Network

The majority of failures experienced by users are due to electrical distribution failures. There were power supply reliability and interruption losses in distribution network evaluated. The paper describes a genetic algorithm adapted to the optimization of the distribution network to minimize losses and maximize reliability.

Laila Zemite*, Riga Technical university; Mihails Gorobecs, ; Arturs Smats, ; Aivo Jasevics, ; Anatolijs Levchenkovs,

A Maximum Power Point Tracker Based the Whale Optimization Algorithm for Controlling the Performance of Induction Motor Fed by a Photovoltaic System

This paper presents a new metaheuristics optimization algorithm for designing the maximum power point trackers, MPPT, with the photovoltaic system to feed an induction motor. This method is the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) which is motivated from the social behavior of the whales. The speed of induction motor is controlled by space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) with three level inverter. A sudden disturbance in mechanical torque of IM is done and the performance of MPPT in extracting the maximum power from the PV system is studied. The main reason of selecting the WOA is its simplicity in simulation. A comparative study is performed in case of replacing the PV system with a DC voltage source fed to the inverter .The obtained results ensure that the designed MPPT via the WOA is more efficient than DC voltage in feeding the 3-level inverter which is controlled by the SVPWM.

Osama Elbaksawi*, Faculty of engineering

Estimation of Optimal Locations for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

Electric Vehicles (EV) have been commonly started to use due to some advantages such as less emission, lower noise pollution, maintenance requirement and power consumption. The number of charging stations have also increased based on rising the usage of EVs. Therefore, determination of optimal location for EV charge stations has a great importance for charging process. This localization is highly related with the range of EV and traffic density on areas. The distribution of charging stations is a basically optimization problem. For this reason, estimation of optimum locations for EV charging stations in Ankara, Turkey is realized by using data mining methods in this paper. Some parameters for determining of optimum locations which are the average number of EVs on the road and the average range are examined. Ankara road map is derived by using Mapbox Software obtained from satellite via spectral clustering. Then, some of image processing methods such as thresholding, erosion and dilation are used for eliminating clustering errors. Furthermore, optimal charging locations of EVs for Ankara are estimated by various clustering approaches such as spectral clustering and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) using total number of charging stations. In conclusion, this paper is a novel study for Turkey which has not been worked in the literature and it can be easily applied to any region in the future works.

Mehmet Cem Catalbas, Fırat University; Merve Yildirim*, Fırat University ; Arif Gülten, Fırat University; Hasan Kürüm, Fırat University

An EBG structure to protect the body tissues against radiation due to the leakage from the microwave cavities

A new 3-D periodic structure is proposed that is designed the way to have a stop band at 2.45 GHz which is the operating frequency of the common microwave heating devices. As the users of the microwave heating devices are subject to massive radiation from the openings introduced for the temperature measurement, the proposed structure can effectively protect their body tissues against the harmful thermal and non-thermal effects of the microwave radiation. The structure features an opening which is large enough to pass the infra red emissions of the objects inside the microwave cavity to enable a thermopile installed outside the chamber to read the temperature of the objects inside. The unit cell of the structure was designed with the aid of the FE Eigen analysis to locate the stop bands, then analyzed deterministically with a FE solver and finally the structure with three unit cells was fabricated and satisfactory results have been achieved when the proposed structure was tested in a commercial microwave acid digestion system.

Ali Bostani*, AUM

Design and Fabrication a smart microwave oven

In this paper a major modification in home microwave ovens is proposed in which the food status determines the time required for reheating or even cooking the food inside the microwave instead of speculating the length of the time required to achieve the desired status. The proposed microwave called “smart microwave” features a real time temperature monitoring system, which is in charge of monitoring the food inside the microwave using some infrared sensors. It also features a PID controller that uses the measured temperature as the processed value which is basically the feedback that goes to the processing unit of the controller to assure that the food follows the temperature profile of the set point defined by the user. The smart microwave oven also features an electromagnetic band gap structure in order to make sure that the radiation inside the microwave cavity does not compromise the accuracy of the temperature readings caused by its parasitic effects. The fabrication process of the prototype for the proposed design is also reported in this paper. The proposed smart microwave changes the nature of this device that has always been used only for reheating the food ever since it was introduced to the market as a fast cooking appliance than can take any recipe and accomplish it in no time.

Ali Bostani*, AUM; Amro Nour,

Stochastic Reserve Scheduling In Smart Systems Incorporating Energy Storage systems

In this paper a two level stochastic scheme is provided in order to make a compromise between the cost of and the reliability which is provided by the procured reserve. A two stage stochastic programming is used which in the first level the energy market is cleared and in the second level the required amount of reserve is estimated. Also the effect of the energy storage devices are studied on the energy and reserve costs. The results indicate that the utilization of energy storage devices can provide the system reliability with a lower cost.

Amirhossein Khazali*, Iran University of Science and; Mohsen Kalantar, Iran University of Science and Technology

The Issue of Unit Constraints and the Non-Confiscatory Electricity Market

Security constraint unit commitment is devised to drive the generation unit schedule in a deregulated environment. Generation bids, transmission system constraints and generation unit constraints are thoroughly considered in this optimization problem. It is acceptable that the transmission system normal condition constraints may affect the economic opportunities of the generation companies in the electricity market. Transmission system limitations are the inherent limits of the market environment but this is not true for the generation unit constraints. It means that the generation unit constraint of a certain player should not affect the economic opportunities of the rivals. If this happen, generation units can claim to the electricity market regulatory board. In this paper the effect of generation unit constraint on the market outcome is discussed. A fair mechanism is introduced in which the generation unit constraints of a certain player cannot limit the economic opportunities of the rivals in the electricity market. Finally, the result of implementing the proposed mechanism in Iran electricity market has been reported.

Mazaher Hajibashi*, Isfahan University of Technology

Current Harmonic Losses Resulting from First and Second Generation LED Lights Replacement with Sodium Vapor Lights in a (LV) Feeder

Today, due to high efficiency, long lifetime, and compatibility with the environment, the LED lamps are more favorable compared to the incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, and gas lamps. The LED lamps require a DC current for proper functioning, thus, in order to supply this current, the diode bridge rectifiers in the internal circuit of these lamps are used. One of the problems in the old generation LEDs was the low power factor in these lamps. After development of electronic devices with soft switching, a new generation of LED lamps with high power factor has come into the commercial market. For power factor correction of LED lamps, the single-stage power factor correction circuits (PFC) are often used including a DC-DC boost converter with pulse width modulation and transformer. Despite the recent developments, the low power quality and harmonic current distortion of LED lamps is one of the basic challenges. Although a low power LED lamp doesn’t have significant harmonic effects in distribution networks, however, the integration of LED lamps, especially in the lighting feeders, would increase the harmonic current distortion and reduce the power quality. Increase in the current harmonics will increase the ohmic losses along the Feeder conductors of the distribution network. In this article, there has been an attempt to examine the decreased harmonic power losses resulting from replacement of older generation (150Watt) 38 LED lights (Non-PFC) and modern LED lights (single-stage power factor correction circuit) with (160Watt) sodium vapor lamps in a lighting feeder on a street. The low voltage feeder and LED lights information has been taken from a real network. Results show that by installing LED street lights with PFC circuit, the harmonic losses along the network conductors are decreased by 11% compared to the sodium vapor lights. In contrast, the harmonic losses are increased by 57% with LED lights replacement without power factor correction (PFC).

Javad Behkesh noshahr*, Aped co

Mixed-Integer Algorithm for Optimal Dispatch of Integrated PV-Storage Systems

The exploitation of combined photovoltaic plants and storage systems is nowadays assuming growing importance due to the technical, energetic, environmental and economical benefits which can derive from an optimal integration. In this pa- per a mixed-integer algorithm for optimal dispatch of a lithium- ions storage system, based on the day ahead PV forecasting, is developed within an existing Distribution Management System, which operates on the low voltage Microgrid at University of Genova. The optimization object is the maximization of the Microgrid production according to the requested active power profile, which can be defined by the operator. The procedure and the model used have been validated by field results with particular attention to the storage efficiency, that has been modeled with additional constraints.

Francesco Adinolfi, UNIGE; Francesco Conte, UNIGE; Fabio D'Agostino, UNIGE; Stefano Massucco, University of Genova; Matteo Saviozzi, UNIGE; Federico Silvestro*, Universita' di Genova

Towards a Real-Time Fault Identification and Self-healing System in the Distribution Network

This paper aims to introduce a real-time fault identification and self-healing system (RTFISS), which has a practical operation and covered more than 1500 square kilometres for the 10kV distribution network. This system, located in Xiamen, a city in southern China, consists of three basic functions embedded in the Main Station of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), feeder automation (FA), fault detection based on fault indicator (FDFI) and fault detection based on transformer outage (FDTO).

Yufeng Lin, ; Yiyun Guo*, State Grid; Mingjie Sun, ; Yongzhi Chen, ; Junyan Gao,

Design and Simulation of a Multirole Electric Vehicle

Aim of this work is the design of an innovative electric vehicle with a direct drive powertrain, including the description of some preliminary simulations performed both for a proper system of the system and to investigate potential performances of the vehicle in terms of torque vectoring. The vehicle is intended as a multi-purpose platform able to transport people and goods in limited access area where for reasons of environmental protection vehicle with conventional internal combustion system but at the same time good off-road performances are required. Powertrain is composed by four in-wheel drive that allows to accurately control the torque exerted on each wheel in order to obtain interesting performances in terms of acceleration, autonomy and stability even considering reduced adhesion conditions. For this reason in this work it’s also proposed a torque vectoring algorithm able to exploit the potential performances of the proposed system. In particular, performances of the proposed system are simulated using a cosimulation techniques in which multibody software and tools for the development of control system are used in a synergic way.

Luca Pugi*, University of Florence; francesco Grasso, university of florence; argeo Bartolomei, Argos Engineering

Development of an Innovative and Sustainable Sail-Drone

Object of this work is the preliminary design and development of an innovative electric marine ASV (Autonomous Surface Vehicle). Propulsion of the drone is assured by a simplified sail system controlled by a system of electric actuator. All the electric systems are fed by the energy provided by a system of solar cells, so the autonomy of the proposed system is almost unlimited. The aim of this kind of sustainable marine vehicle is the exploration and the patrolling of wide marine areas with a near to null impact to marine environment and the possibility of a safe interaction with almost any kind of living being. Also the objective in terms of budget (few thousand of euros) is quite ambitious and justified by the fact that a decisive factor to burst the diffusion and the application of the proposed system is the cost reduction. Proposed vehicle have been designed and assembled thank to the voluntary work of a team of students aiming to build a vehicle able to participate to competitions dedicated to sail autonomous surface boats with the support of a team of private and academic sponsors. In this work main features of the vehicle and design criteria are explained

Benedetto Alotta, University of Florence; Luca Pugi*, University of Florence; marco Montagni, university of florence; andrea Corrieri, university of florence; daniele Masti, university of florence; lorenzo Vanni, university of florence

Mutual Coupling Effect on Steady State Performance of Switched Reluctance Motor

With finite element method (FEM) using ANSYS finite element (FE) package, a simulation electromagnetic model is developed for multiphase excitation of the switched reluctance motor (SRM) in the present paper. The simulation model is created totally in ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) as a parametric model useable for various conventional types of the SRMs. Applying the developed simulation model to an 8/6 SRM, simulation results are presented for operation with simultaneous two-phase excitation and influence of coupling between phases on the motor performance is evaluated elaborately.

Babak Ganji*, University of kashan; Yousef Sohrabinasab, university of kashan; Mostapha Beigi, university of kashan

Noise Reduction of Switched Reluctance Motors

In spite of many exclusive advantages of the switched reluctance motor (SRM), acoustic noise of this motor is high and it is necessary to do more research on the noise reduction which is the main objective of the present paper. The noise reduction procedure proposed here is included three separate parts: (1) stator design parameters optimization, (2) rotor pole design shape optimization and (3) inserting some barriers in stator structure. To calculate the noise of the SRM required for each design, an electromagnetic-structural simulation model is developed with finite element method (FEM) using ANSYS finite element (FE) package. Implementing the three above-mentioned parts for an 8/6 SRM, simulation results are presented and the procedure proposed for noise reduction of the SRM is evaluated.

Babak Ganji*, University of kashan; Omid Nader, university of kashan

Detection of Broken Rotor Bars in Squirrel Cage Induction Motors by Amplifying Fault Harmonics

This paper proposes a new diagnostic signal for detecting broken rotor bars (BRBs) in squirrel cage induction motors (SCIMs). The fundamental 50 Hz frequency component of the three stator current signals (SCSs) are estimated using three sets of modified-adaptive notch filters (M-ANFs) and the residual signals are extracted. The total harmonic signals (THSs) of the zero sequence component (ZSC) of the residual signals is then used as a new signal for fault diagnosis purpose. The dominant fundamental frequency is eliminated in the spectrum of the new diagnostic signal. This effectively results in amplification of the side bands of interest among other frequency components in the spectrum. Laboratory experiments were conducted with motor operating at two different load conditions and test results confirm the efficacy of the proposed method in diagnosis of bar breakage.

Majid Malekpour*, UNSW; Toan Phung, UNSW; Eliathamby Ambikairajah,

A Predictive Current Control for Solar PV Fed VSI in Distribution System

This paper presents a control technique based on predictive current control for a voltage source inverter fed by a solar PV system integrating to the distribution grid with Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. The proposed control is implemented for a three phase system to support the utility grid by providing the power to grid as well as to the connected loads with improved quality of power. A predictive current control approach for solar PV fed VSI provides fast transient response and improved accuracy in control. Proposed control algorithm efficiently and continuously tracks reference current to make grid current sinusoidal in steady state and transient conditions. When the solar irradiance is available, the developed system acts as power quality conditioner and supply the PV generated power to the loads and the grid. During unavailability of sun power the system transfer the power from the grid to the load and capable to provide multidirectional power flow. Simulation for the proposed system has been carried out and results are presented. A comparison between proposed control technique and hysteresis current controller is also done and presented.

Priyanka Chaudhary*, Delhi Technological University; Mohammad Rizwan, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India

Optimal Residential Load Scheduling Model in Smart Grid Environment

The current power systems have been basically designed to enable only centralized power generation and unidirectional power flow. In order to improve the conventional power grid to a smart grid, which is the next generation of electrical power systems, the integration of decentralized generation and the demand side management is an essential stage. After the improvement in the residential area connection, the resident has the possibility to schedule his production and consumption systems by himself aiming to reduce the global electricity cost during the next day. In this paper, an optimal residential load scheduling model is proposed using a mixed integer linear programming approach. The proposed model presents an integration of renewable energy production, battery storage system with penetration of electric vehicles. It aims the scheduling of the production of generation systems and the operation time of electrical home appliances and electric vehicles, as a target to minimize the electricity bill of the residential consumer. Different scenarios with various grouping of production and consumption systems have been presented to prove and confirm the efficacy of the proposed technique and to find the optimal solution.

Fady MELHEM*, UTBM; Olivier GRUNDER, UTBM; Zakaria HAMMOUDAN, ULF; Nazih MOUBAYED, UL

Phase Behaviors and Fuel Properties of Palm Oil-based Microemulsion Biofuels Using Sugar-based Surfactants

Due to environmental concerns and current fossil-fuel situations, palm oil has been considered as a potential vegetable oil for renewable biofuel applications in South East Asia. To solve durability problems in diesel engine caused by high viscosity of palm oil, microemulsification has led to more attention as a novel viscosity-reducing technique. Microemulsion biofuels are transparent, thermodynamically stable, and single-phase microemulsions, where the polar phase is solubilized in surfactant aggregates existing in the non-polar phase. Surfactants (surface active agents) play a key role in enhancement of the interaction between polar and non-polar phases. Since sugar-based surfactants have been derived from bio-based resources, they have been introduced to formulate microemulsion biofuels in this study. Three sugar-based surfactants, sorbitan monolaurate (SM20), sorbitan monooleate (SM80), and sorbitan trioleate (ST85) and three alcohols (butanol, hexanol, and octanol) were used as surfactants and cosurfactants, respectively. The objectives of this study are to formulate microemulsion biofuels using sugar-based surfactants, to study the effects of surfactants and cosurfactants on phase behaviors and kinematic viscosities, and to investigate the effect of surfactant/cosurfactant ratio on other fuel properties (i.e. energy content, cold flow properties, density, and ash content). The results show that the microemulsion system using SM80 and octanol at the molar ratio 1 to 8 was considered as an optimized microemulsion biofuel formulation demonstrating comparable fuel properties to biodiesel. These results provide useful guidance for future design of environmentally friendly microemulsion biofuels.

Chodchanok Attaphong*, KMITL; Nutthaporn Sorrasuchart, Chulalongkorn University; Noulkamol Arpornpong, Naresuan University; Ampira Charoensaeng, Chulalongkorn University; Sutha Khaodhiar, Chulalongkorn University; David Sabatini, The University of Oklahoma

Impact of Smart Electric Thermal Storage on Transmission Grid Limitations

The paper examines impact of smart electric thermal storage heating on transmission grid if heating electrification is introduced and heating equipment is used for transmission congestion management. It is assumed that the transmission system operator has the possibility of fast heating load control. From the economic point of view, smart electric storage heating allows to use larger transmission capacity of cross-border power lines and as a result is able to provide cheaper energy for end-users (namely, electricity imported from a neighbouring area with lower price). This study examines the influence of controllable load within the transmission network of 330 kV based on Latvian example. Steady-state power flow model of the power system of the Baltic states is used. Nord Pool electricity market prices and price differentials of the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian bidding areas are considered.

Antans Sauhats, ; Sergey Kovalenko*, Riga Technical University; Zane Broka, Riga Technical University; Inga Zicmane, Riga Technical University

Energy Storage Device Based on Flywheel, Power Converters and Simulink Real-Time

Paper presents information on Energy Storage Device based on Flywheel and bi-directional IGBT Power Converters – designed for LINTE^2 laboratory owned by Gdansk University of Technology in Poland. Paper is divided into four sections. First section of the paper provides introductory information on the Energy Storage Device and its capabilities. In the second section of the paper concept of the unit is presented. Requirements for the unit are described as well as proposed and introduced functions are listed. Implementation details are given in third section of paper. Hardware structure is presented and described. Information about used communication interface, data maintenance and storage solution, as well as used Simulink real-time features are presented. List and description of all measurements is provided. In the last section of the paper results of experiments performed using Energy Storage Device based on Flywheel and Power Converters are presented.

Bartosz Kedra*, Institute of Power Engineering; Robert Małkowski, Gdańsk University of Technology; Frede Blaabjerg, Aalborg University

Development of design principles of microgrid on the basis of renewable energy sources for rural settlements in Central European part of Russia

The paper presents a new approach to the development of microgrid on the basis of renewable energy sources with the use of local fuel for rural settlements not connected to centralized electrical network providing comfortable level of the population living. The method of determination of the annual power consumption and energy as well as firm capacity which is to be provided by the power supply system is suggested. The optimum relationship of PV and wind power stations, the optimum power of a diesel-generator and the storage battery capacity depending on the parameters of the load diagram is determined.

Sergey Karabanov*, Ryazan State Radio Engineering; Pavel Bezrukikh, ; Dmitriy Suvorov, Ryazan State Radio Engineering University

Optimal Sitting and Sizing of Renewable Distributed Generations in Distribution Networks Using a Hybrid PSOGSA Optimization Algorithm

Abstract— Integration of renewable Distributed Generation (DG) such as Photovoltaic (PV) system and wind turbine (WT) in distribution networks can be considered as brilliant and efficient solution to the growing demands. This paper introduces a new robust and effective hybrid PSOGSA optimization algorithm that proposed to detect the optimal location with convenient size of DG units for minimizing system power losses and operating cost besides improving voltage stability. This paper provides two stages. First, the Loss Sensitivity Factors (LSFs) are employed to select the most candidate buses for DG placement. In the second stage, the PSOGSA is implemented to deduce the optimal sitting and sizing of DG from the elected buses. The proposed scheme has been applied on 33-bus and 69-bus IEEE standard radial distribution systems. To insure the suggested approach validity, the evaluated results have been compared with other algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSO), Novel combined Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization (GA/PSO), Simulation Annealing Algorithm (SA), and Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA). The numerical results have been confirmed the superiority with high performance of the proposed technique to find the optimal solutions of DG units allocation. Numerical results have been attained by MATLAB package. Keywords—Radial distribution system; Distributed Generation (DG) allocation; loss sensitivity factors; optimization algorithm PSOGSA; voltage stability; real power losses; operating cost.

Mohamed Tolba*, Moscow Power Engineering Inst.; Ahmed Zaki Diab, ; Vladimir Tulsky,

Comprehensive analysis of Optimal Allocation of Capacitor Banks in Various Distribution Networks using Different Hybrid Optimization Algorithms

Abstract—Optimal sitting and size of Capacitor Banks (CB) have an important role in improving voltage profile, power factor correction and minimizing the system power losses and the cost of reactive power optimization. This paper presents two new effective hybrid optimization algorithms as a comparison to solve the problems of CB allocations and size. The first PSOQN optimization is proposed with the combination of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Quazi-Newton (QN) algorithm. In the second PSOGSA optimization algorithm is constructed with the combination of PSO and Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). Each one of the proposed methodologies is introduced in two stages. First, the most critical buses for installing CB are estimated using Loss Sensitivity Factors (LSF). Then the optimization algorithm is implemented to find the optimal locations of capacitors and their sizing from the elected buses. The proposed optimization techniques have been tested on different test systems such as 33-bus, and 69-bus IEEE standard radial distribution systems, in addition to the proposed approaches are performed on practical case study of Moscow region, which consists of 111-bus radial distribution system. In order to validate the proposed models, the obtained results have been compared with other techniques. The numerical results proved that the proposed optimization techniques have efficiency and robust with high performance to get the optimal solutions for minimizing the system power losses, enhancing the voltage profile and maximizing the net savings as compared as other techniques. The system results have been implemented by Matlab package. Keywords—Distribution power networks; Capacitor banks sittings; Loss Sensitivity Factor (LSF); Hybrid PSOQN; Hybrid PSOGSA; Voltage profile; Power losses; Net saving.

Mohamed Tolba*, Moscow Power Engineering Inst.; Vladimir Tulsky, ; Artem Vanin, ; Ahmed Zaki Diab,

Optimal Application Order of Network Reconfiguration and ODGP for Loss Reduction in Distribution Networks

In this paper loss reduction in Distribution Networks is performed under proper consideration regarding Distributed Generation (DG) siting and sizing and network reconfiguration. The optimal solution for each of the aforementioned techniques, when applied individually, is highly dependent on the network layout and on its load composition. Thus, the question that arises when both techniques are utilized, concerns their application order towards the most efficient solution. The analysis in this work examines how the sequence regarding the implementation of these two techniques affects the optimal solution in terms of DG capacity penetration and number of switching operations. Various scenarios with different available DG units are examined regarding their optimal siting and sizing before and after the implementation of the network reconfiguration technique. Finally, an alternative scenario with the simultaneous application of both techniques is also examined. In this latter case the complexity of the problem is highly increased and the solution efficiency is also affected. A special PSO variant is utilized as the solution algorithm, namely Unified-PSO, accordingly modified for each scenario and the IEEE 33 bus system is utilized as the reference distribution network. The analysis concludes about the optimal application order of these two techniques for practical implementation.

Aggelos Bouhouras, university of applied sciences of western macedonia; Paschalis Gkaidatzis*, Aristotle University of Thessa; Dimitrios Labridis, Aristotle Unicersity of Thessaloniki

Comparative Analysis of Heuristic Techniques applied to ODGP

Abstract—In this paper, a comparative analysis and evaluation of several heuristic techniques, when applied to the Optimal Distributed Generation Placement (ODGP) problem, is presented. Loss minimization is considered as the objective, while the network’s technical characteristics as the constraints. Three versions of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Global, Local and Unified (GPSO, LPSO and UPSO, respectively), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Cuckoo Search (CS), Harmony Search (HS) are compared. The implemented analysis demonstrates that all Heuristic Techniques examined can solve the ODGP problem efficiently, although via UPSO an enhanced performance is achieved, both in terms of a better optimal solution as well as faster convergence, while HS proves the fastest. The study is evaluated upon typical 33 and 30 bus systems.

Paschalis Gkaidatzis*, Aristotle University of Thessa; Aggelos Bouhouras, Aristotle Unicersity of Thessaloniki; Dimitrios Doukas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Dimitrios Labridis, Aristotle Unicersity of Thessaloniki

Low-Frequency Tripping Characteristics of Residual Current Devices

Fast development of various types of converters makes their utilization in industry and in domestic installations very common. Due to converters, an earth fault current waveform in modern circuits can be distorted or its frequency can be different than 50/60 Hz. Frequency of earth fault (residual) current influences tripping of residual current devices which are widely used in low voltage systems. This paper presents the behaviour of residual current devices when residual current of frequency lower than 50 Hz flows. The results of the analysis have shown that many of commonly used residual current devices are not able to detect residual current when its frequency is significantly lower than 50 Hz. Thus, protection against electric shock may not be effective

Stanislaw Czapp, ; Jacek Klucznik*, Gdansk University of Technolog; Krzysztof Dobrzynski, ; Zbigniew Lubosny,

Probabilistic Loadflow Methods to incorporate Grid Limitations into Energy Management Schemes

In this paper probabilistic load flow methods as part of energy management schemes are compared and evaluated. The study area is a small distribution grid with high photovoltaics (PV) penetration and therefore increasing problems with grid overvoltage. A central energy management system coordinates the distributed energy resources (DERs) in a predictive manner by controlling the generation or the demand of the specific unit at the point of common coupling (PCC). To keep the distribution grid voltage levels within the allowed bounds the energy management scheme processes the probabilistic predictions as well as the probabilistic constraint for the grid voltage. The outcome will be a comparison of the developed or adapted probabilistic load flow methods, with regard to their computational complexity and accuracy. In the frame of this comparison, sample scenarios with different PV penetrations, grid topologies and prediction performances will be evaluated.

Benjamin Matthiss*, ZSW; Patrick Gaedke, Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg; Martin Felder, ; Jann Binder, ZSW

Aging performance of second life electric vehicle batteries reused on energy businesses

Road transportation is heading to electrification. Li-ion batteries power electric vehicles and car manufacturers offer eight or ten years warrant, when batteries are inappropriate for traction services having around an 80% of its original capacity. On the other hand, energy storage devices will have an important role in the electricity market. However, Li-ion batteries are still too expensive to provide such services with economic profit. The Sunbatt project connects both sectors providing a second life to the electric vehicle batteries and offering low cost batteries to the energy sector. The aim of this project is to show that 2nd life batteries are profitable and support clean energy businesses. This paper analyzes the rest of useful life of 2nd life batteries on different stationary applications using an equivalent electric battery-ageing model that simulates the battery capacity fade. This model runs on Matlab and includes several ageing mechanisms, such as calendar ageing, C-rate, Depth-of-Discharge temperature and voltage. These results are essential to enhance 2nd life businesses.

Beatriz Amante García, UPC; Lluc Canals Casals*, UPC

Risk assessment arising from exposure to artificial optical radiation - Results of an extensive evaluation campaign in the hospitals of Tuscany (Italy)

In order to limit optical hazards for workers, the European Directive 2006/25/EC requires to the employer to assess and, if necessary, measure or calculate the levels of exposure to artificial optical radiation (AOR) for the range of wavelengths from 180 nm to 3000 nm. In Italy the European Directive 2006/25/EC was acknowledged by the Legislative Decree No. 81/2008, in which the exposure limit values (ELVs) to AOR are fixed for Italian workers. Although in the legislation are fixed the ELVs, there is no description of the operating procedures for assessing the exposure risk. In the scientific literature there are few researches that deal with such assessment for specific environments. The hospital environments, given the wide variety of light sources hosted and the large series of visual tasks performed by the working personnel, represent an interesting case study for anyone involved in the risk assessment of exposure to AOR. The evaluation techniques and the results obtained for environments with so heterogeneous characteristics may be used as guidelines for the risk assessment in many other work environments. In this paper are described and discussed the results of an extensive evaluation campaign of AOR, emitted by equipment provided with incoherent sources, commonly used in the hospitals of the Tuscany Region (Italy). The evaluation campaign was carried out through in situ measurements. The measurement results have been collected in a database, with the main objective to make available to those involved in the risk assessment some technical information relating to the AOR emissions of common sources typically found in hospital environments.

Giacomo Salvadori*, UNIVERSITY OF PISA - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING - DEPT OF ENERGY; Francesco Leccese, University of Pisa; Michele Rocca, UNIVERSITY OF PISA - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING - DEPT OF ENERGY; Fabio Fantozzi, University of Pisa - DESTeC Department

Neutral Earthing Reactor Protection

The IEEE and CIGRE recommend protection systems for high voltage shunt reactors. Unfortunately the recommendation do not include guidelines for protection of neutral earthing reactors, which are often connected to shunt reactors to increase the effectiveness of single pole auto-reclosing. The paper discusses earthing reactor protection issues with particular accent on detection of internal faults. There is presented an analysis carried on for a real power system which came into operation in 2015.

Krzysztof Dobrzynski, ; Jacek Klucznik*, Gdansk University of Technolog; Zbigniew Lubosny, ; Stanislaw Czapp,

Ionizing radiation generated by the electrical discharges from medium and high voltage in the air

The paper presents results of the study on the detection of ionizing radiation generated during electrical discharges. Energy spectra and some dependings of received energy from geometric settings of generation and detection devices were obtained. Also some exemplary signals received from a scintillation detector and the energy spectra obtained for the 2 measuring systems with different electrodes are presented in the paper.

ŁUKASZ NAGI*, Opole University of Technology; Michał Kunicki, Opole University of Technology

Design and Calibration of an Innovative Ultrasonic, Arduino Based Anemometer

A precise estimation of wind intensity and direction is important for many applications. Authors, thanks to a consolidated experience in marine robotics, are building a sail propelled marine drone for a sustainable monitoring of wide sea areas. In particular, sail propulsion assures a near to infinite autonomy since limited energy demand of on board electronic can be assured by renewable sources such as solar cells. However, to correctly manage a sail system, a correct estimation of wind intensity and its direction is essential. Conventional mechanical anemometers make use of delicate mechanical moving parts, are therefore not suitable to work autonomously in difficult environments such as the marine one. Commercial ultrasonic anemometers represent a valid alternative but their cost, weight and size need to be optimized for the proposed application which is a cheap, light and relatively small drone. In this work the authors redesigned both acoustic and electronic system to meet the required specifications. Innovations have been suggested in terms of materials, components and introducing a smart measurement algorithm that allowed the authors to simplify the design, construction and calibration of the instrument. Finally, the system has been tested and calibrated in a wind tunnel, introducing a simple and effective calibration algorithm able to drastically reject disturbances arising from interference between mechanical system and the wind flow under measurement

Benedetto Alotta, University of Florence; Luca Pugi*, University of Florence; enrico Boni, University of Florence; francesco Guidi, University of Florence; Marco Montagni, University of Florence; Tommaso Massai, University of Florence

A Binary Programming Model for SAIFI Considering Protective Device Failure

Reliability indices such as SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index) are useful in not only in assessing the reliability of a power distribution system but also in optimizing the placement of protective devices such as reclosers and fuses along a distribution feeder. In this paper we present a binary formulation for SAIFI that incorporates protective device failure, a parameter that previous binary models available fail to incorporate intuitively and seamlessly. The equation provides a closed form representation of SAIFI as a function of the placement and failure rate of recloser, fuse-blow fuses, and fuse-save fuses along a given feeder. We used this equation in an illustrative test system to show how it can be used to get the optimal placement of protective devices in the system that results in the least value for SAIFI. Results show that when protective device failure is considered, the reliability of a system worsens and that optimal device placements are limited to certain key locations.

Adonis Emmanuel DC. Tio*, University of the Philippines; Russel John Gallano, ; Al Osiris Ingking,

Resonance Problems in UHV Transmission Lines

The paper presents resonance phenomena observed in 400 kV transmission lines in Polish power system. Two events are analysed, when shunt reactors used for reactive power compensation, caused overvoltages and overcurrent protection tripping as a results of resonance. An oscillographic fault recordings from protection devices are compared to time domain simulation results. The obtained simulation results match fault recordings, which allows to explain cause of observed disturbances. The paper indicates resonance risks which should be avoid to ensure safe power system operation.

Jacek Klucznik*, Gdansk University of Technolog; Zbigniew Lubosny, ; Krzysztof Dobrzynski, ; Stanislaw Czapp,

Optimal power flow using Moth Swarm Algorithm with Gravitational Search Algorithm considering wind power

The increase in cost and depletion of non-renewable sources has forced us to use the renewable energy resource as an alternative energy source. Hence the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) plays a vital role in the power system. In this paper, a hybrid metaheuristic based optimization method namely, Moth Swarm Algorithm with Gravitational Search Algorithm (MSA-GSA) is proposed for solving Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problems. Weibull distribution function is used for modeling the intermittent nature of wind farm. The test cases, with and without wind power are considered for solving the objective functions of minimizing the generation cost and transmission power loss. Finally, the simulation results are tested with IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 57 bus and IEEE 118 bus with and without wind power. The proposed algorithm provides better results when compared with the existing algorithms.

SHILAJA C*, VIT UNIVERSITY VELLORE; Ravi K, VIT VELLORE

DC Component Rejection in Single-Phase Phase-locked Loop (PLL)

Abstract: An important issue must be considered in designing phase-locked loops (PLLs) is the presence of dc offset in the input signal of PLLs. The presence of such a component causes undesirable fundamental-frequency oscillations in their estimated quantities (i.e., utility voltage amplitude, phase and frequency). Consequently, the dynamic performance of the power conversion system may be degraded. The elimination of such oscillatory errors is a challenging problem because of their low frequency. Thus, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the effect of the dc offset based on the PLL in the synchronous reference frame (SRF). Two different offset rejection approaches based on the second-order generalized integrator PLL (SOGI-PLL) algorithm are discussed in detail. Design aspects of these methods are presented, and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. The effectiveness of these approaches is verified through simulation and experimental results.

Abdalbaset Mnider*, Newcastle University

100

Class-E DC-AC Resonant Inverter Design Centering

Tolerance analysis is crucial in industrial production of power electronics converters. This paper present an application of the design centering to resonant converters. Actually, this technique has been successfully utilized to increase the quality of large scale built analog and VLSI circuits, but it has been never utilized for resonant converter circuits. Effect on the power MOSFET switching of passive component constituting the resonant tank of a class-E DC-AC inverter is considered. Tha paper also provides actions to increase the converter circuit quality.

Alberto Reatti*, University of Florence; Stefano Manetti, DINFO - University of Florence; Lorenzo Ciani, DINFO - UNIFI; Antonio Luchetta, DINFO - University of Florence; Maria Cristina Piccirilli, DINFO - UNIFI; mrcantonio Catelani, DINFO - UNIFI; Fabio Corti, DINFO - UNIFI; Marian Kazimierczuk, Electrical Engineering - Wright State University; Aghasthya Ayachit, Wright State University

101

Assessment of Line Stability Indices in Detection of Voltage Stability Status

During the last decade, several line indices have been proposed to assess voltage stability status of power systems based on transmission lines capability. In these methods, it is assumed that both the active and the reactive powers flow in the same direction from sending bus to receiving one. Since these indices can be implemented easily and have low computational burden, they are extensively used in the literature to evaluate stability status of different electrical network in various operating points. In this paper, four line stability indices (i.e. Lmn, FVSI, LQP, and NVSI) extensively used in the literature have been comprehensively analyzed and their drawbacks and advantages have been shown. It will be shown that to properly assess the stability status of a system, a proper one should be selected wisely. Also, a suitable criterion is proposed to determine the sending and receiving buses when the directions of active and reactive powers are not the same.

Hamid Khoshkhoo*, SUT; Siavash Yari, Sahand University of Technology

102

An Effective Technique to Improve Generator-set Efficiency for Charging Battery using IPMSG

In order to use a generator-set for charging battery of the stand-alone hybrid renewable power generation system in remote area efficiently, the generator-set needs to be operated in various speeds considering battery voltage. The conventional field excited synchronous generator, which is used to convert mechanical power to electrical power from internal combustion engine (ICE), cannot handle this important function; therefore, this paper presents an effective technique to improve the efficiency of the generator-set using interior permanent magnet synchronous generator (IPMSG). Two designed IPMSGs including 6 cm and 8 cm stator core lengths, which are be able to operate in the maximum efficiency speed region of the ICE, are proposed for selecting the appropriate generator in this study. Finally, the testing results show that the proposed 8 cm stator core length IPMSG with suitable operation can be effectively and efficiently used as the generator-set for charging the 48 V battery systems.

Pichit Lumyong*, KMITL; Piampoom Sarikprueck, KMITL

103

A New Design For PFC Circuit With Reduced Size Inductor

A new design of power factor correction (PFC) circuit has been presented in this paper. The new proposed circuit offers a small size PFC (as the inductor's value decreased to 10 micro henry) therefore, the weight and the cost will reduce tremendously. Consequently, the use of a minimum number of passive components and reducing the amount of magnetics can reduce the losses and the voltage spikes on the switches. In addition, a snubberless circuit has be submitted due to the presence of freewheeling diode. Simultaneously, the optimum values of THD_I, PF, efficiency and the output ripple voltage can be achieved when the MOSFET switches pulses is managed to eliminate the 3rd order harmonics without the need to use a complex control circuit. This circuit has been designed and investigated using Ltspice-Simulink program. The optimum values can be concluded from the simulation results.

Hussein Al-bayaty*, Plymouth

105

Reducing the Variability of Wind Energy Production with Modern Portfolio Theory

The purpose of this research is to assess how the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) can contribute to solve the problem of high variability of wind energy production. This MPT is applied to create an optimal portfolio of wind farms with more stable production, than a single wind farm. The case study focuses in Germany, where 53 sites were technical- economical assessed. Upon its evaluation, the optimal portfolio was formed by six wind farms with different installed capacities. As an outcome, we reduced the variability of wind energy production by 27.8% percentage. Results demonstrated that investing in an optimal portfolio of wind farms, instead of only one wind farm, has the best tradeoff between minimum variability and maximum production. In a future investigation, this can be expanded as a methodology for efficient investment allocation.

Carlos Giron*, Carl von ossietzky universität; Martin Kühn, University Oldenburg; Luis Vera-Tudela, University Oldenburg

106

Mathematical Morphology based Inrush Blocking Scheme in Transformer Protection

Transformer inrush currents during energization result in mal operation of transformer differential protection, due to the flow of magnetizing current only on the primary / source side of the transformer. Presence of dead angles i.e. dead period in magnetizing inrush, is one of the classic characteristics of inrush current, resulting in an asymmetric peaky non-sinusoidal waveform. This paper presents a method of identifying this distortion in waveform using a mathematical morphological scheme, which is a powerful image and signal processing technique. The occurrence of peaks has been captured and their relative distance have been measured. This data is assessed using certain criteria to detect inrush and fault currents. The propositioned algorithm was simulated and tested under different test scenarios using MATLAB. This method is not reliant on the transformer models and is precise in its output.

Rathinam Ananthanaryanan*, SRM University; Saravanan Balamurugan, SRM University

107

Study of interaction of a plasma jet with the silicon melt surface under the conditions of its high turbulence

The paper presents the research results of interaction of inert gas (argon) plasma jet containing chemically active impurity vapors with the surface of silicon melt under the conditions of its high turbulence determine the optimal conditions for purification of silicon for solar cells. The interconnection between the plasma parameters (current, power) and the rate of surface mass transfer of the silicon melt is established. It has been found that under the conditions of the melt high turbulence the most efficient removal of impurities from silicon melt surface takes place. The research is carried out by mathematical modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics and Matlab software.

Sergey Karabanov*, Ryazan State Radio Engineering; Dmitriy Suvorov, Ryazan State Radio Engineering University; Dmitry Tarabrin, ; Oleg Belyakov, Helios Resource Ltd.; Andrey Karabanov, Helios Resource Ltd.; Valery Dshkhunyan, Solar Consult Ltd.

108

Using Artificial Neural Networks to Enhance the Accuracy of the Photovoltaic Simulation Model

Photovoltaic is one of the highest potential renewable energy sources to help meeting the increasing energy demand, and contribute to solving the environmental problems. However, due to the high initial cost, accurate sizing is highly important. This study aims to enhance the accuracy of the PV simulation model by using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to incorporate the effect of the surrounding environment in the model. The ANNs designed are using the weather aspects to predict the actual values of Isc and Voc used in the simulation. The results show that varying the values of Isc and Voc using ANNs does enhance the prediction accuracy. Therefore, it is concluded that the values of Isc and Voc should not be used as constant in the simulation of the PV panel. In addition, ANNs are found to be a valuable tool to be used in the simulation of PV and their use could be extended to the simulation of other renewable energy sources.

Kamal Al Khuffash*, GASCO; Lisa Lamont, Mott Macdonald; Youssef Lotfy Abdel Magid, The Petroleum Institute

109

A Power Transmission Line Fault Locator Based on the Estimation of System Model Parameters

This paper presents a transmission line fault locator method, which determines the fault distance and resistance by performing an estimation of unknown model parameters of a power system. The estimation of the unknown parameters is accomplished by an optimization that diminishes the difference between measurements and the model output. This approach is applied to both the pre-fault and fault regimes to reduce the amount of unknown fault regime model parameters. The proposed method allows taking into account the possible fault resistance and mutual coupling of parallel lines. The proposed method has been tested in different pre-fault and fault scenarios of a three machine system and has proved that it provides reliable results with an acceptable tolerance.

Aleksandrs Dolgicers, Riga Technical university; Ivars Zalitis*, Riga Technical university; Jevgenijs Kozadajevs, Riga Technical university

110

Measurement of Switching Characteristics of Power Semiconductors During Aging

This paper aims to construction, control and implemented measurement method of laboratory stand in order to acquire insulated gate bipolar transistor transients. The transients waveforms are consequently used to obtain indicators of the transistor age. The lifetime tests of an insulated gate bipolar transistor are introduced. Consequently, a novel architecture of measuring stand in order to provide lifetime tests is designed. Also the control algorithm is presented. A fundamental part of this work is a method of measuring switching waveforms including a high frequency current. Acquired waveforms of transistor switching are presented. Finally, the trend of chosen aging indicator values was obtained from the acquired data. Namely the influence of aging on turn–off time was observed.

Jan Knobloch*, Brno University of Technology; Jan Martis, Brno University of Technology; Ziad Nouman, Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Tishreen University, Latakia,

111

Effect of Additives on Fuel Properties and Emission Characteristics of Micromulsion Biofuels from Palm Oil

Microemulsification is one of the novel techniques to reduce viscosity of vegetable oils to avoid durability problems in diesel engines. Microemulsion biofuels are transparent, thermodynamically stable, and single-phase mixtures of vegetable oils and ethanol in the presence of surfactants and cosurfactants. Additives have also been included in microemulsion biofuel formulations to improve their stability and fuel properties; however, there is limited research on the effect of additives on emission characteristics of microemulsion biofuels. In this study, microemulsion biofuels were formulated from palm oil/diesel blend (1:1 v/v), ethanol, surfactant, and cosurfactants. Five additives, ethylene glycol butyl ether (EGBE), diethylene glycol ethyl ether (DEGEE), propylene glycol ethyl ether (PGEE), dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), and ethyl acetate (EA), were used to study the effect of additives on phase behaviors, fuel properties, and emission characteristics. The results showed that studied additives could improve some fuel properties of microemulsion biofuels with negligible effect on phase stability. It was also found that carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from microemulsion biofuels with DEGEE and EA, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from microemulsion biofuels with all additives were lower than those from diesel and biodiesel. These encouraging results offer options of additives for biofuel applications.

Chodchanok Attaphong*, KMITL; Sasiwimon Wichadee, Chulalongkorn University; Piampoom Sarikprueck, KMITL; Pichit Lumyong, KMITL; Sutha Khaodhiar, Chulalongkorn University; David Sabatini, The University of Oklahoma

112

Influence of energy storage system on load frequency control of a deregulated power system with consideration of physical constraints

Physical constraints like uncertainty in system parameters, presence of nonlinearities in the form of generation rate constraint and governor deadband are to be considered in the design of load frequency controller from a practical viewpoint. Previous works in the area of load frequency control with consideration of physical constraints related to deregulated power systems are very few and have been done by tuning conventional controllers using metaheuristic optimization algorithms. This work deals with the application of H∞ PID controller supplemented with Redox Flow Battery, one in each area of the deregulated power system. The results show that LFC in the practical scenario considering the relevant nonlinearities is best achieved by the use of electrical energy storage system. The bilateral case of deregulated power system operation was considered in the studies done.

Arlene Rosaline*, College of Engineering TVM; Ushakumari Somarajan, College of Engineering Trivandrum

113

Decentralized Generation in Urban Districts: Optimal Planning Considering Uncertainities

This paper proposes a decision model for the planning of decentralized energy production in urban areas. The approach aims at finding the optimal mix and sizing of the generation units to be installed in a number of sites, given the characteristics of each location in terms of radiation, wind potential, electrical and thermal loads, etc. Both dispatchable and renewable (non-dispatchable) energy sources are taken into account; in particular, in the present application the sources considered for installation include cogeneration microturbines, photovoltaic plants and wind turbines. As both renewable sources and loads are stochastic in nature, a probabilistic approach is used to take into account the related uncertainties. In addition, network constraints are considered. The proposed model will be applied to a neighborhood in Savona, Italy. The goal of the technique is to represent a tool intended to help a decision maker when planning investments in different urban areas, in the context of the transition from a traditional city to a “smart” one.

Mansueo Rossi*, University of Genoa; Stefano Bracco, University of Genoa; Federico Delfino, University of Genova,Department of Naval, Electrical, and ICT Engineering; Michela Robba, University of Genoa; Luisa Pagnini, University of Genoa

114

Potential applications of carbonic product generated by biomass conversion

The paper intends to present the results of an experimental research conducted to investigate the valorization potential of the pyrolysis solid product and to establish the correlation between thermochemical processes parameters and its characteristics. Pyrolysis process, varying its conditions, allows conversion of biomass into char used as fuel for energy production and carbon rich product (biochar) used as soil decontaminant.

Cora Bulmau, UPB; Iustina Stanciulescu*, UPB; Vlad Capota, UPB

115

Analyzing Technique for Electrical Energy Monitoring System in Thailand Hospital

An electrical energy monitoring system helps improve the security and reliability of a hospital operating system which can also indirectly enhance energy efficiency itself. However, a large hospital has a complex electrical system which leads to the big data issue from the installed monitoring system in this size-scaled hospital. Therefore, this paper proposes K-mean clustering technique, which is one of the effective data mining techniques, to analyze the big data from the electrical energy monitoring system in hospital. The case study is a large hospital with 200 in-patient beds in Thailand. Without loss of generality, electrical load profile is used for analyzing instead of the electrical energy. Finally, the proposed data clustering technique is able to effectively characterize electrical load profiles for each hospital floor. This technique also identify the abnormality of these characterized electrical load profiles in various scenarios which hospital system operators can use them to consider the security, reliability, and energy efficiency of their operating systems.

Piampoom Sarikprueck*, KMITL; Pichit Lumyong, KMITL; Chodchanok Attaphong, KMITL; Bandit Ngamwatthanasilpa, Innovation Technology Co., LTD.

119

Control Strategies for Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems Coupled With PV Systems

This paper presents, and compares the performances of four control strategies for residential battery energy storages coupled with photovoltaic (PV) energy systems. The control strategies are: 1) rule based control, 2) optimization based control without utility constraints, 3) optimization based control with utility constraints, and 4) distributed control. The first two methods only concern about fulfilling the battery owner's requirements. In the other two methods, the utility is involved in controlling the operation of the batteries into certain extent. Therefore, the batteries intentionally contribute to lower the over-voltage risks while fulfilling the customers' needs. From the simulations it is shown that a significant reduction in reactive power support required from the converters can be achieved with optimization based control with utility constraints and distributed control schemes. Distributed control scheme shows best performance in terms of reduction in reactive power requirement, reduction in line losses and decreasing voltage unbalance. All these can be realized with little impact on the battery owner's desired objectives.

Iromi Ranaweera*, NTNU; Ole-Morten Midtgård, Norwegian University of Science and Technolgy; Magnus Korpås, Norwegian University of Science and Technolgy; Hossein Farahmand, Norwegian University of Science and Technolgy

120

A view on humidity effects in high voltage electric generator’s insulation

Abstract—Partial discharges (PD) are a symptom and at the same time the result of the deterioration and the aging of an electrical machine’s insulation. Based on experiments the flashover voltage of epoxy resin samples in relation to humidity was studied and the results are discussed. Index Terms—Partial Discharges, Humidity, Corrosion, Insulation System, Electrical Machines, Diagnostics.

Christina Panagiota Malliou*, Democritus University of Thrace; Athanasios Karlis, Democritus University of Thrace; Michael Danikas, Democritus University of Thrace

121

SCADA Single Line Diagram Access for Enterprise Users

This paper shall present a comprehensive solution to access SCADA network diagrams for all enterprise users through SAP without compromising cyber security. Additionally, it shall save the cost by avoiding rework to develop network diagrams by all users and shall replace the expensive drawing tools. On the other hand, the paper shall reveal the powerful features of Special Vector Graphics (SVG) file format to be utilized in network diagrams.

MUHAMMAD RIZWAN*, Dubai Electricity & Water Auto; Sayed Abdel Aziz,

122

Bus Bar to Bus Bar Display-A New Special Purpose SLD for ADMS

This paper shall present the concept of special purpose single line diagram for Advanced Distribution Management Systems particularly in context of bus bar outages. It shall cover the study of operational scenario of bus bar outage in the Electrical Distribution Network to identify the control room operator’s requirement to tackle the situation. Subsequently, a unique display shall be developed to enhance the operation during bus bar outage using different programming languages.

MUHAMMAD RIZWAN*, Dubai Electricity & Water Auto; Sayed Abdel Aziz,

123

Real- time Capacitor Bank Step State Optimization under Load Alteration in Smart Distribution Networks

Distribution network’s high R/X ratio results in high distribution losses, contributing to large voltage drops, low voltage stability, increased power losses and decreased reliability to sustain disturbance. As the distribution systems normally have a combination of industrial, commercial, residential and lighting loads and the peak load on the substation transformers and feeders occur at different times of the day, the systems become heavily loaded at certain times of the day and lightly loaded at other times. This research focuses on the reactive power compensation on medium voltage radial distribution network using placement and step optimization of multi- step capacitor bank to achieve power loss reduction, system capacity release and acceptable voltage profile. In smart network it can be achieved real time under variable load pattern. It is evidence that reactive power compensation considering load alteration needs a heavy calculation and capacitor bank depreciation due to hourly step switching. Therefore, in this work, annual loads are categorized in three levels (heavy, normal, and light loads) that each level of loads, are categorized in three smaller coefficients during a year: 0.15, 0.3 and 0.45 for light loads, 0.6, 0.75 and 0.9 for medium loads and 1.05, 1.2 and 1.35 for heavy loads. This paper achieves multi step capacitor bank placement and their state optimization under load alteration to reduce power losses at each load level considering voltage and current constraints using Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA).

Belal Mohamadi Kalesar*, APED Co.; Javad Behkesh noshahr, Aped co

124

Best Practices For Utilizing SCADA and Its Applications

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) has become an essential business requirement for all utilities to deliver sustainable electricity in reliable, efficient and safe manner. With advancement in technology and customer oriented business models, the challenges for SCADA system today are completely different as they were in the past. This study shall focus mainly on identifying issues encountered by different power utility companies and shall be used to develop an optimized model for finest practices. The model shall support the companies to obtain a customized SCADA solution as per their existing and future needs.

MUHAMMAD RIZWAN*, Dubai Electricity & Water Auto; Syed Abrar,

126

Effect of aging on C/LFP battery impedance

This work uses the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study how the battery impedance changes with aging. This knowledge can be useful to determine the best possible use for a second life of the battery.

Yoana Fernández*, University of Oviedo; Cecilio Blanco, University of Oviedo; Víctor García, University of Oviedo; David Anseán, University of Oviedo; Manuela González, University of Oviedo; Juan Carlos Viera, University of Oviedo

127

Renewables contributing to Primary Control Reserve: the role of Battery Energy Storage Systems

Extending the Primary Control Reserve to include renewable generating plants could be an interesting solution to enhance the frequency regulation effectiveness in the electrical power system and consequently to maintain stable operating conditions in case of sudden variations of either load or generation. In this scenario, instead of intentionally reducing the renewable plant output for providing reserve power, the use of Battery Energy Storage Systems is introduced. This solution allows to contain the plant costs for supplying the ancillary service and to maximize the exploitation of the renewable availability. Taking into account the operative constraints of storage devices, the paper proposes a procedure to define the optimal size of the battery system through a technical-economic analysis based on the investment profitability optimization. Several renewable sources are considered, such as wind plants, photovoltaic generators and hydroelectric run-of-river units. According to the Primary Control Reserve main requirements, the Lithium-ion technology has been chosen for the case study, even if the procedure could be used also for evaluating other storage technologies. Results confirm how providing the primary reserve by means of Battery Energy Storage Systems could be very interesting, especially in case of renewable plants having access to incentives increasing the equivalent selling price of generated energy.

Fabio Bignucolo*, University of Padova; Roberto Caldon, University of Padova; Martino Pettinà, University of Padova; Fabio Pasut, S.T.E. Energy SpA

128

Break-Even Distance Analysis of Residential Solar PV System and Line Extension for Off-Grid Electrification Methodology in the Philippines

Electricity plays a vital role in the economic development of an area, especially in a developing country like the Philippines. Government agencies have various electrification programs to provide electricity, and consequently economic development, to unelectrified communities in the Philippines. This paper presents a methodology that compares two electrification alternatives (residential solar photovoltaic or solar PV systems and power line extension) by means of break-even distance analysis. The proposed method aims to provide government agencies a unified and systematic framework in planning and implementation of electrification programs in the Philippines. The study reveals that solar PV system is the more viable option when electrifying a remote community. However, extending power lines would be a more cost-effective option if multiple nearby communities were to be electrified. Results also show proper load forecasting is important in the comparison of electrification alternatives.

John Mark Napao, University of the Philippines Diliman; Christian Angelo Yap, University of the Philippines Diliman; Russel John Gallano*,

129

Provision of Frequency Regulation by a Residential Microgrid integrating PVs, Energy Storage and Electric Vehicle

The scope of this paper is to develop an energy management system (EMS) in order to integrate V2G technology in a residential scale microgrid. The aforementioned configuration embodies a Photovoltaic plant, a domestic energy storage device, household loads, and a plug-in Electric Vehicle which is connected to the system through an off-board DC charger. The EMS developed ensures a) maximum energy efficiency of the household consumer, b) direct solar power use and c) customer driving needs satisfaction by providing frequency regulation to the utility grid through an autonomous distributed control. Herein, a residential microgrid set up is modeled via Matlab/Simulink and the effectiveness of the control scheme is demonstrated for the considered case studies.

Adamantios Bampoulas*, DemocritusUniversity of Thrace; Athanasios Karlis, Democritus University of Thrace

130

Analysis on Reactance Characteristics of Split TCSC device

A Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) is a FACTS device which varies the line reactance to increase the transmission line capacity. The reactance of the transmission line can be smoothly increased or decreased by tuning the TCSC device either in inductive or capacitive mode. Such variation of reactance improves power flow of the line. Though, the smooth variation of reactance is achieved up to certain degree of firing angle (a) and nearer to resonance region (critical region) elapse of reactance is large which makes transmission system rigid. This paper proposes the concept of a split TCSC; in place of single TCSC to achieve fine tuning of line reactance even nearby resonance. Also paper addresses the way of increasing the range of compensation by proper selection of TCSC inductance and capacitance.

Meikandasivam S*, VIT University; Vijayakumar D, VIT University

131

Performance Enhancement of Neural Network Training using Hybrid Data Division Technique for Photovoltaic Power Prediction

The data available for training, testing and validation of a neural network defines the efficiency or performance of the network. This research work compares the data division techniques like random division, Self-Organizing Maps, fuzzy c means and K-means to predict power output of a solar panel under loss conditions. The data used is obtained from a series of experiments on a soiled panel. Finally, a new data division technique for designing neural networks in PV module output prediction is proposed and its efficiency is compared with other discussed data division techniques. The proposed data division technique helps in building a better neural network model with comparatively less data available.

Subrahmanyam Pulipaka*, SOREVA; Rajneesh Kumar, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani

132

Comparison of SOM and conventional neural network data division for PV reliability power prediction

This paper studies the influence of neural network clustering in power prediction of soiled PV panels using ANN. Self-organizing maps were used to cluster and preprocess the data before training the neural network. 70% of data from each cluster is used for training and 15% each for testing and validation. The accuracy of prediction from the developed model was compared with a neural network model which uses random data division without data preprocessing. It was observed that preprocessing the data through clustering would enhance the accuracy of prediction as compared to model developed without data preprocessing. At lower irradiance levels (200-400W/m2) the percentage error in prediction was 8% and at higher irradiance levels (800-1200W/m2) the error decreased to 2%

Subrahmanyam Pulipaka*, SOREVA; Rajneesh Kumar, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani

134

Integrating Deterministic and Probabilistic Tools for Voltage Stability Assessment with Using Online Decision Trees

Risk security assessment-based methods have been recently proposed to complement traditional deterministic approaches. They are expected to investigate power system security more in depth by introducing the concepts of probability and impact associated to the contingencies. This paper proposes the online decision tree-based approach for a voltage stability assessment, integrating probabilistic and deterministic tools in a unified environment.

Nikita Tomin*, Melentiev Energy Systems Insti; Victor Kurbatsky, Melentiev Energy Systems Institute; Dmitry Krupenev, Melentiev Energy Systems Institute; Denis Sidorov, Melentiev Energy Systems Institute

135

Measurement and Evaluation of DC Motor Starting Torque

The paper deals with the measurement and evaluation of starting torque of a DC motor. The torque is estimated from an actual motor speed during starting with the Kalman filter. The actual speed is measured with incremental rotary encoder. The main aim of this paper is determination of correct setting of all parameters in Kalman recursive algorithm from the perspective of very good coincident of estimated torque and actual torque calculated based on mechanical equation of this machine. All theoretical results are confirmed by experiments.

Radoslav Cipin*, Brno University of Technology; Marek Toman, Brno University of Technology; Martin Mach, Brno University of Technology; Jan Knobloch, Brno University of Technology

136

Numerical modeling in EMC problems of electric power substations when lightning strikes

For numerical modeling of lightning current spreading in lighting protection, grounding, electric power supply systems the ZYM program is used. Hybrid (field-circuit) thin-wire model is implemented in the program for electromagnetic fields and transients calculations (in ground and in air). Model structure and its parameters are determined automatically, the user should only draw 3D model of power substation and transmission line. The program is integrated with AutoCAD (using ObjectARX technology) that provides effective geometrical modeling with object and results visualization. Three impulse process calculation methods are researched and implemented: frequency (Fourier) method, discrete circuits method (similar to ATP-EMTP) and step algorithm based on the Vlach and Singhal method. The comparison of the methods shows the effectiveness of the latter. The wave process calculation caused by a lightning stroke in the overhead ground wire close to the power substation is carried out as an example. Surge voltage on the transformer and on the electrical equipment is determined before and after surge arrester is installed. The results are animated.

Dmitrii Shishigin*, Vologda State University; Sergey Shishigin, ZYM Ltd

137

Detection and distinction of partial discharges in air at DC voltage by using a non-conventional approach in the high-frequency range

Conventional partial discharge diagnosis is a well-known and approved method for evaluating the condition of high voltage equipment at AC voltage. Increasing importance of HVDC transmission systems require adapted methods for partial discharge diagnosis at DC voltage. In this paper an alternative approach for defect identification at DC voltage based on the measurement and analysis of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by the partial discharges is presented. For that purpose, a high voltage setup for measuring partial discharges with the conventional method is modified and supplemented by a broadband measuring system. With corona discharges and surface discharges, different artificial partial discharge sources are integrated into the measuring setup and the electromagnetic spectra are determined. After post processing, the data are analysed, discussed and parameters for the distinction of partial discharges by capturing the electromagnetic spectrum are defined.

Daniel Wienold*, TU Dortmund University; Ulrich Lühring, TU Dortmund University; Frank Jenau, TU Dortmund University

140

Wireless Power Recharge for Underwater Robotics

Development of Underwater Robotics is an important field of research and a promising industrial application since it represents a sustainable solution to exploit ocean resources with a reasonable environmental impact. To perform prolonged manipulation task, autonomous vehicles often suffer of insufficient autonomy while remotely operated vehicles despite to their performances are often limited by the complex management of umbilical link. For this reason, a new generation of hybrid underwater vehicles able to perform autonomously some tasks returning periodically to a docking station for recharge, vehicle and tooling reconfiguration is needed. In this work, a possible solution for a wireless recharging connection, able to drastically simplify recharge operations in underwater environment at abyssal depth (thousands of meter depth) is investigated. The paper presents some preliminary design and simulation proposal, along with a preliminary experimental validation of the adopted simulation tool on a toy test case.

Benedetto Alotta, University of Florence; Luca Pugi*, University of Florence; Alberto Reatti, University of Florence; Fabio Corti, DINFO - UNIFI

141

BOND GRAPH MODELLING OF SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEM FOR BUILDING COMFORT AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

This paper addresses the issue of building thermal comfort system modelling and analysis based on the Bond Graph formalism. The building heating systems is based on a hot water radiator which is PID regulated to reach and to maintain the comfort temperature. The studied system is modeled and simulated by using Matlab/Simulink software.

Gerard Aboina*, Upec

143

Towards efficient implementation of solar plants: A priority analysis through multi-criteria decision approach

By considering the growing demand for energy supply and increment in fossil fuel consumption which are accelerated by population growth, attentions have been focused on Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The corresponding environmental corollaries are another motivation to further follow this aim.Solar energy is willingly assented to be a reliable source in this regard. There are well-cited researches investigating about enhancing the efficiency of RESs particularly solar energy. Geographical and climatic conditions are crucial factors in designing a promising solar project. There are diverse approaches to optimize the energy planning systems. Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) analysis is a well-known approach employed for assessing the energy systems so as to find the prior case. There are several attempts applying different types of MCDM analysis in the pertinent literature. In this study, it has been managed to find the best approach for priority analysis of solar projects. Three major types of MCDM approach has been evaluated including VIKOR, AHP and TOPSIS. The evaluation has been conducted in Iran as a high potential country in solar irradiation. In order to find the best approach, six locations have been selected in different parts of the country with diverse climatic conditions. Furthermore, the considered criteria are technical, economic and environment ones which have been weighted through Entropy-Shannon methodology. It has been concluded that MCDM approaches are reliable methods for priority analysis and VIKOR is performing better comparing with others.

Farivar Fazelpour*, Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad U; Alireza Tajeddin, Young Researchers and Elite Club, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University; Elham Roohi, Islamic Azad University- South Tehran Branch

144

Application of Adaptive Regulator for Static Variable Compensator

The development of power systems and the emerge of distributed power sources set again the task for insurance of sustainable work and improvement the quality of transient processes. An adaptive regulator of static variable compensator is suggested, that uses up-to date identification method. The advantages of the regulator are the non-recurrent identification and calculation of controlling signal. It is researched the operation of suggested regulator in different disturbances which proves the effectiveness of its operation.

Nikolay Djagarov*, Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy; Zhivko Grozdev, Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy; Julia Djagarova, Technical University of Varna

146

Comparison Between Traditional and Post-Processing PMU-Based State Estimation to Deal with Bad Data

Detection and analysis of bad data is the most important sector of static state estimation. This paper develops a modified method of multi bad data detection and identification in critical measurements. To accomplish this object, available approaches in the PMU-based state estimation are overviewed, and their advantages and disadvantages are briefly explained. The largest normalized residual test is used to identify bad data. Then, phasor measurements are added by post-processing step in the second level of state estimation. The proposed algorithm of phasor measurements utilization in state estimation can prove that new algorithm can detect and identify multi bad data in critical measurements. To validate simulations, IEEE 118 and 30 buses are implemented in PowerFactory and Matlab is used to solve proposed state estimation using post-processing of PMUs. Bad data is generated manually and added in PMU and conventional measurements profile. Finally, the location and analysis of bad data are available by result of largest normalized residual test.

Hesam Khazraj*, AAlborg universtity; Filipe Faria da Silva, AAlborg universtity; claus Leth Bak, AAlborg universtity

147

A Novel Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Frame Work for Reconfiguration of Radial Distribution System

Feeder reconfiguration plays a key role in managing the topological structure of distribution feeders by changing the open/close status of the switches under both normal and abnormal operating conditions. In this paper an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) method has been formulated for reconfiguration of distribution system. The proposed network reconfiguration has been implemented using a 33 bus radial distribution system for normal operation and operation in the presence of the fault. The proposed approach has delivered appreciable reduction in real power losses during normal course of operation. In the presence of fault the reconfiguration operation was able to improve the number of load centers supplied and hence the total load. It can be clearly observed that the proposed approach delivers an improved performance. Keywords: IPSO, 33 Bus Radial Distribution Systems, Reconfiguration.

VENKATA SUNIL*, JNTUH

148

A High Voltage Gain DC-DC Converter Based On Quasi Switched Boost Topology

A novel high voltage gain DC-DC converter has been proposed in this study. The proposed converter has been derived after investigating the Quasi Z Source impedance network and Quasi Switched Boost impedance network. The proposed converter has higher boost factor than some of the existing DC-DC converter derived from Z-Source/Quasi-Z-Source impedance network. The steady state analysis of the proposed converter has been done in this work to understand its working properly. The minimum inductance has been design to mark the boundary between (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM). Further the proposed converter has been compared with some of the existing topologies in terms of voltage gain and number of circuit elements. Finally the theoretical results have been verified by the MATLAB Simulations. The experimental investigation has been left for future work.

AMIT KUMAR*, IIT PATNA

149

Extended Abstract: Reducing Common Mode EMI generation in a Boost Converter using the Imbalance Difference Model

With the Internet of Things (IOT) and Smart Grid, systems and devices will communicate via the physical structures of the power grid. Crucial to this is the technology of Power Line Communications (PLC). Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) present on the power line limits the efficiency of PLC communications. One such source of conducted EMI is the presence and operation of switch mode power supplies (SMPS’s). The Boost Converter in its essential form are found in numerous products that contribute to EMI in power systems and smart grids. It will be shown that this topology of SMPS, generates EMI in differential mode (DM) and common mode (CM), undermining the efficiency of PLC communication and therefore the integrity of smart power grids. Traditionally EMI from converters (including the Boost Converter) has been reduced by applying in-line power filters. EMI filters are bulky, costly and ad complexity to any design. Although inevitable that DM noise need to be filtered, CM interference can be reduced by balancing a power converter without the use of filter components. This is done for a Boost Converter by using the Imbalance Difference Model (IDM). The IDM explains how CM is generated in a system from DM operation. It was originally developed for digital systems, antennae and transmission lines but is for the first time applied to a power converter. A simulation for a Boost Converter with the boost inductor in optimal ratio show up to a 70dB reduction in CM EMI current.

Arnold De Beer*, University of Johannesburg

150

Behavior of protective relays during Sub Synchronous Resonance

Synchronous Resonance (SSR) is a phenomenon in which electrical energy is exchanged between generators and transmission systems below power frequency. SSR occurs due to interaction of a series compensated transmission line with a generator; in addition, results in shaft oscillation and out of step condition. During SSR, the magnitudes of voltage and current are increased. It also increases probable occurrence of ferroresonance. It is obviously clear that protective relays are affected in such conditions. In this paper, Manitoba Hydro electrical network is examined with series capacitors by PSCAD/EMTDC to investigate impact of SSR on operation of different types of protective relays such as distance relay with OSB element, pole slipping, differential and overcurrent relay.

Salman Rezaei*, kerman power generation management co.

151

Design and Parameter Analysis of Short-Flux Path Switched Reluctance Motor in Electrical Vehicles

This paper deals with the a new concept of a three phase 12/8 Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) with short-flux path. The concept, construction and design procedure of this SRM will be performed. The static and dynamic parameters and behavior of the motor will be investigated for various operating conditions in accordance with electrical vehicle requirements. Experimental verification of simulated ones will be carried out.

Milan Diko, University of Zilina, Slovakia; Pavol Rafajdus*, University of Zilina; Pavol Makys, University of Zilina, Slovakia; Vladimir Vavrus, University of Zilina, Slovakia; Juraj Makarovic, University of Zilina, Slovakia; Julius Saitz, Ansys

152

Modeling of Incremental Conductance MPPT with PID Controller for Photovoltaic System using Buck-Boost Converter

Different complete models of the PV system containing many techniques of DC-DC converter are applied in this paper like, buck converter, boost converter and buck- boost converter which are placed to be closest to the power between PV array and load by changing its duty cycle which is named maximum power point tracking (MPPT). This paper presents four different techniques of the DC-DC converter controlled by MPPT. The first configuration is proposed as composing PV module connected to buck-boost converter controlled via incremental conductance MPPT algorithm, the system includes PID controller to reduce the error of output voltage. The second model likes the first without PID controller. The last two systems comprise from boost converter with MPPT control and with PWM technique. All studied techniques are simulated by using Matlab/Simulink.

Osama Elbaksawi*, Faculty of engineering

153

Optimization Algorithm for Microgrids Day-Ahead Scheduling and Aggregator Proposal

The large-scale integration of distributed energy resources, in particular solar and wind, into distribution grids, requires the development of new management and control strategies. This paper presents an optimization framework for day-ahead scheduling of microgrids to minimize costs for flexible and inflexible consumers and maximize revenues for producers. The results of the optimization are used to build an aggregated proposal with flexibilities for the aggregator. A simple way to provide flexibilities is proposed. Results of a realistic case-study are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed models.

Elvira Amicarelli*, French Alternative Energies an; Tuan Quoc Tran, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA); Seddik Bacha, Grenoble INP

155

Crosslinking UV-curable polymers with organic dyes for highly stable, multifunctional, light-harvesting luminescent solar concentrators

A multifunctional luminescent system characterized by outstanding durability is presented in this work as polymeric matrix for luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs). Such coating was fabricated by embedding a modified perylene-based organic dye in a fluorinated matrix consisting in a blend of photo-curable fluorinated polymers. The coating can easily crosslink when exposed to UV-light. The presence of lateral double bonds in the organic dye molecule enables its co-crosslinking with the acrylate fluorinated matrix. Multifunctionality is granted to the coating by remarkably high water contact angle values, slightly exceeding 120°, which impart easy cleaning properties to the LSC device. Accelerated weathering tests (800 h) showed the outstanding stability of LSCs prepared using the fluorinated matrix cocrosslinked with the modified perylene presented here. These devices retained their initial optical efficiency during the intense weathering test. On the contrary, devices fabricated with the same fluorinated polymers, but incorporating a similar dye with the same chemical structure except for the lateral double bonds enabling co-crosslinking with the polymeric matrix, exhibited a 10% efficiency loss over the testing time. The increased stability can be explained by taking into account the effect of the linkage between the organic dye and the host matrix. The fast and easy preparation process presented in this work represents a scalable approach to remarkably stable and truly multifunctional LSCs.

Diego Pintossi, Politecnico di Milano; Alessia Colombo, Università Statale di Milano; Claudia Dragonetti, Università Statale di Milano; Stefano Turri, Politecnico di Milano; Gianmarco Griffini*, Politecnico di Milano

156

A Modified Selective Harmonic Elimination Method for Balancing Capacitor Voltage in Modular Multilevel Converter

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has proven itself as an exceptionally effective converter in High Voltage DC (HVDC) applications, due to its modularity, reliability and robustness. Yet, it requires unique modulation techniques to accomplish the troublesome capacitor voltage balancing. In this paper, a Modified Selective Harmonic Elimination (M-SHE) is introduced where the switching of the submodules is done in a certain preconfigured arrangement which accomplishes the required capacitor balancing. The proposed technique is then compared with Third Harmonic Injection - Phase Shift - Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (THI-PS-SPWM) and with the traditional Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE). Performance of the proposed M-SHE, traditional SHE and THIPS- SPWM for a five-level MMC unit is evaluated based on time-domain simulation studies in the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The reported study results demonstrate that the M-SHE satisfies capacitor balancing, has lower Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) than the traditional SHE and has lower switching frequency than THI-PS-SPWM.

Abdelrahman Elwakeel*, Faculty of Engineering; Mohamed Tawfik, ; Ibrahim El-Arabawy,

157

Development and integration of adaptive underfrequency load shedding into the smart grid

The objective of underfrequency load shedding (UFLS) is to balance generation and load in case of a significant drop in frequency. Conventional UFLS schemes rely on parameters that are obtained by analyzing predefined scenarios that might not coincide with the actual emergency process. Improved UFLS scheme is presented in the paper that estimates accurate values of active power deficiency thus presenting an opportunity to enhance the efficiency and reliability of power system operation. The theory behind the presented scheme is verified using modeling results. Integration of the new UFLS scheme into the smart grid where it can be most effective by taking advantage of digital communication systems and smart meters is also discussed.

Vadims Strelkovs*, Riga Technical University; Roman Petrichenko, Riga Technical University; Vladimir Chuvychin, Riga Technical University; Antans Sauhats,

158

A fault location method for feeder automation based on fault probability

In order to solve the problem of distribution-feeder-automation fault-location in cases of misreporting or failed-reports of fault information, the characteristics of the fault indicator are analyzed, and the concept of the minimum fault location area of the distribution network is developed. Based on which, the mathematical model of fault location is evaluated. The characteristics of fault indicator signals are analyzed. Based on the two-in-three principle, a probabilistic fault-indicator combination-signal processing method is proposed. Based on the combination of the minimum fault-location area-model, the fault-indicator combination-signal and the interdependence between the fault indicators, a fault location method based on fault probability is proposed. The method is based on the similarity between the simulated fault signal and the real fault signal, and the detailed formula is given. The method has good fault-tolerance in the case of misreporting of, or of a failed-report of, fault information, and can more accurately determine the fault area. The fault probability of each area is given, and fault alternatives are provided. The proposed approach is feasible and valuable for the dispatching of maintenance personnel to deal with the fault.

Yufeng Lin, ; Mingjie Sun, ; Yiyun Guo*, State Grid; Wei Zhang, ; Yongzhi Chen, ; Yuhang Xu, ; Junyan Gao,

159

Optimal Operation of DGs in Islanded Microgrid Using Droop Control

Optimal operation and location of DGs are regarded as the main drivers for achieving effective performance of autonomous MGs. This paper gives a novel optimization approach to find both optimal operation and location of an autonomous MG at the same time. The operation is optimized via finding the optimal droop gain parameters of DGs. A new multi-objective optimization problem is proposed to minimize the fuel consumption of DGs and to improve the voltage profile and stability of MG subject to operation and security constraints. A hybrid optimization algorithm is developed by combining the harmony algorithm (HS) and mutation and crossover operators of the genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the proposed optimization problem. A new load flow formulation is derived to run the proposed optimization algorithm where the steady state frequency of system, reference frequency, reference voltage and droop coefficients of DGs, based on a droop controller, are considered as optimization variables. To find the best solution of non-dominated results, a fuzzy method is employed. The performance of the paper approach is compared with other optimization and non-optimization methods in MG with 33 bus using MATLAB. The results support a good performance for the paper approach.

Mohamad Abedini*, Power

160

A Simplified First Harmonic Model for the Savona Campus Smart Polygeneration Microgrid

Microgrids (MG) may represent a new answer to many old problems in energy and electric world, such as pollution, high reliability, efficiency and so on. The MG rapid increase implies a fast transformation of the electric power systems that are now characterized by new energy sources requiring dedicated control architectures and simulation tools. In this framework, this paper presents a simplified first harmonic model for the Smart Polygeneration Microgrid (SPM) located in the Savona Campus that allows the interface with many controllers. The developed simplified model is validated comparing it with a complete simulation performed in the PSCAD-EMTDC environment that allows to represent each component with a high level of detail.

Daniele Mestriner*, Genoa University; Alessandro Labella, Genoa University; Renato Procopio, University of Genova; Federico Delfino, University of Genova,Department of Naval, Electrical, and ICT Engineering

163

Novel Protection Method for Detection of ground Faults in Cables Used in Combined Overhead-Cable Lines in Power Systems

This paper presents a new protection method for ground faults detection in cables used in overhead-cable lines in power transmission systems where the shields of the cables are connected according to the cross-bonding method The main contribution of this new protection method is that it can distinguish ground faults in the cable line side from ground faults at the overhead-line side. The new protection method is based on the measurements and analysis of the currents in the conductors and in their respective shields at the cable end at the substation side, not at the cable end in the transition overhead-cable. The new method considers that the shields of the cables at the transition overhead-cable are not grounded sharing the same ground than the ending tower. Shields of the cables are connected according to the cross-bonding method. This new protection method has been validated through computer simulations and experimental laboratory tests.

Ricardo Granizo Arrabé*, UPM; Carlos A. Platero, Universidad Polit?cnica de Madrid; Fernando Alvarez Gómez, UPM; Marta Redondo Cuevas, UPM

164

A Two-end Traveling Wave Fault Location System for MV Cables Based on LoRa Technology

In this paper a new low cost device is proposed for fault location in power distribution system. The device is part of a system that should include several units installed in couples at the two ends of MV cable lines. Their low cost justifies a widespread installation of these devices, moreover other functionalities could be considered so as to enrich the potential of the system for MV cables monitoring and asset management. The system exploits a two-end traveling wave technique, low complexity and low cost solutions both for the analog front end as well as for the communication infrastructure. A LoRa network is indeed considered as wireless modulation technique perfectly suited when communication links with three characteristics are needed: low power, low bit-rate and long range. The paper shows the device that has been set up in Prysmian Electronics with some experimental phases showing the effectiveness of the proposed solution and the further developments expected.

Eleonora Riva Sanseverino*, DEIM University of Palermo; Vincenzo Li Vigni, Prysmian Electronics S.r.l.; Roberto Candela, Prysmian Electronics S.r.l.; Antonio Di Stefano, Prysmian Electronics S.r.l.

165

Investigation of V2G Economical Viability

The literature is overwhelmed with ideas and innovations in regarding electric vehicles (EVs), specifically the concept of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). V2G demonstrates the capability of an EV owner to participate in the electricity market as an energy supplier rather than a passive load. V2G approach can potentially increase the feasibility and economic viability of renewable generation sources by using the aggregated batteries of the EVs to offset the variability of renewable sources. The primary method examined is to reduce the cost of electricity for charging EVs in exchange for using the batteries as an aggregated storage medium. Since the primary disadvantage of this proposed plan is battery wear and degradation, this paper will demonstrate an economic study examining the incentives required to make the V2G cost effective and beneficial to EV owners, utilities, and system operators. An optimal charging and discharging rates and number of battery cycles are presented

Abdullah Almehizia*, Texas A&M University; Jonathan Snodgrass, University of Wisconsin

166

PV Power Harvesting Scheme For Nanogrid Applications Using Meteorological Data

The paper presents a direct power harvesting scheme for a PV module using online measurements of meteorological data (solar irradiance and temperature) to be employed for residential standalone applications at nanogrid scale (less than 5 kW). The proposed power harvesting scheme is studied with both step-down and step-up converters. With both converters, two controllers (PI and ON/OFF) are employed to adjust the chopper duty cycle (in case of PI controller) such that the actual PV power is well controlled to the instantaneous maximum PV power computed from the meteorological data model, or to restrict the actual PV power between upper and lower limit oscillating around the maximum value (in case of ON/OFF controller). The proposed scheme is characterized by fast transient response and good accuracy with low computation complexity of the elaborated meteorological data model. Compared with the commonly used perturb and observe (P&O) technique, the proposed scheme has superior performance under rapid variation of atmospheric conditions. While under partial shading condition the P&O technique fails to track the global MPP and can trap in one of local MPPs, the proposed scheme does not face such problem. However, the major limitation of the proposed scheme is its low capability to plug (handle) the non-uniform irradiance into the maximum power calculation model. Therefore, the system performance under partial shading condition is dragged down due to inaccurate computation of instantaneous maximum PV power. Consequently, the application area of such scheme is limited to low power nanogrid PV systems composed of few PV modules where commercially available solar irradiance transducers can be embedded with the control system without increasing dramatically the initial cost of the overall system.

Mohamed Azab*, Benha University

167

Fault Current Limiter versus Series Reactor

Mobarakeh Steel Company (MSC) in Isfahan/Iran is one of the largest industrial complexes operating in Middle East. In a development program in 10 kV feeder of MSC distribution network, the short circuit capacity of the network has been increased. Limitation of fault current in this network is relegated to some series reactors in the tie feeders. Fault current limiter (FCL) is an efficient alternative for the series reactors in this application. In this paper, it is confirmed that using some FCLs in suitable locations of network, the problems can be resolved.

Haidar Samet*, Shiraz University; Teymoor Ghanbari, Shiraz University; Mohammad Amin Jarrahi, Shiraz University; Abdorasoul Ahmadi Beni, Mobarakeh Steel Company; Bahram Kolkian, Mobarakeh Steel Company; Arash Ebtia, Mobarakeh Steel Company; Mohammad Reza Banaeian Mofrad, Mobarakeh Steel Company

168

The use of local materials for low-energy service buildings in touristic islands. The case study of Favignana island

Energy sustainability of new service buildings should considers the use of envelope materials able to minimize thermal dispersions avoiding at the same time environmental and landscaping impacts specially in the small islands of Mediterranean sea generally characterized by high environmental and landscaping values. In this context, the paper provides an analysis of local materials for the design of low-energy service buildings in touristic islands, according with the concept of re-use. As a preliminary result, a case study in Favignana Islands is presented designing a modular and temporary structure using local materials and municipal solid waste. The pilot project includes a summer and a winter design, and can be replicated in similar contexts.

Federico Cinquepalmi, Miur; Giuseppe Piras, Sapienza Università di Roma; Federica Barbanera*, La Sapienza Università di Roma; Elisa Pennacchia, Sapienza Università di Roma

169

Optimized statistical test for event detection in NILM

Event detection plays an important role in nonintrusive load monitoring to accurately detect when appliances are switched on or off in a residential environment. Besides being accurate, it is important that these methods are robust on real-life power traces. This paper shows that some state-of-the-art event detection methods may miss events when there is a substantial base load caused by active power consuming devices. In order to address this problem, this paper extends the existing chi-squared goodness-of-fit test with a a voting scheme. Furthermore, a work flow is proposed using surrogate-based optimisation for tuning the parameters of these tests in an efficient way. Results on the BLUED dataset indicate that the novel voting X2 GOF method outperforms the standard X2 GOF test when applied to traces with a higher base load.

Leen De Baets, Ghent university - imec; Joeri Ruyssinck, Ghent University - imec; Chris Develder, Ghent University - imec; Tom Dhaene, Ghent University - imec; Dirk Deschrijver*, Ghent University - imec

170

A new linearized behavioral model for solar cells

This document proposes a new mathematical model of a generic solar cell that can be implemented in various software platforms, specially Verilog-A. The model incorporates the irradiation and temperature effects and fits to the physical solar cell behavior by measuring the currents and voltages at two temperature and three irradiation levels. A difference from other models is that it does not need to know implicit physical parameters and can be used in integrated circuit design software where, from the author’s knowledge, there are no models for solar cells.

Sergio Romero-Camacho*, Faculty of Electronics Science BUAP; Víctor González Díaz, Faculty of Electronic Science BUAP; Roberto Ambrosio-Lázaro, Faculty of Electronic Science BUAP; Edoardo Bonizzoni, University of Pavia; Gerardo Mino-Aguilar, Faculty of Electronic Science BUAP

171

An analog Maximum Power Point Tracking circuit for energy harvesting

This document exposes the design of a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) circuit, applied to a solar energy harvesting system. It is based on an event-based control architecture composed in general by analog components. The proposed MPPT always converges to Maximum Power Point (MPP) even when there are abrupt perturbations in irradiation levels, this is a result from a new anti-divergence circuit. The results shows a tracking efficiency greater than 97%.

172

Comparison Analysis of the Volatege Variation Ranges for Distribution Networks

This paper describes the comparison results of the service voltage and its variation range in the distribution network of different countries. To do this, the national standards and regulations related to the voltage variation ranges are studied and compared in this paper. Especially, this paper focuses on the service voltages of a single phase in a distribution network. Even though the ongoing international standard voltage harmonization, many countries maintain the previous national standard voltage and its variation range. Few countries set the other voltage variation ranges for the standard voltage harmonization.

Jinsik Lee*, Korea Electric Association; Gi Hyun Kim, Korea Electric Association

173

The Mechanism Analysis of Sub-Synchronous Oscillation in PMSG Wind Plants

Under some certain conditions, large-scale wind power plants connected to the power system may appears the phenomenon of sub-synchronous oscillations (SSOs). In reality, doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) connected to the power grid usually transports power energy by series compensated AC transmission or DC transmission, and the theory of SSO in DFIG wind farm has been researched mostly and is relatively clear. Comparing to DFIG, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind plants connected to weak AC power grid without series-compensated transmission system or DC transmission system also appears the phenomenon of SSO, which will cause multiple PMSG taken off from the power grid and damage crowbar circuits. Therefore, SSO in PMSG wind plants is a new type of oscillation waiting to be researched. In order to investigate the mechanism of sub-synchronous oscillation in PMSG wind plants, the equivalent system model of direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (D-PMSG) connected to power grid was established in this paper. Through the transfer function, eigenvalue value analysis and electromagnetic transient simulation, the mechanism of sub synchronous oscillation was revealed. In addition, the influence on its characteristics from many factors was also analyzed, including delay time and the wind speed. The result shows that the voltage delay link of controller feed forward in network side is the direct cause of sub-synchronous oscillation. The exact compositions and time of the voltage delay link were studied in the paper. Finally, potential danger and its suppression measures of the SSO problem were discussed according to the characteristics of sub-synchronous oscillation in PMSG wind plants.

Bingqing Wu*, Xi’an Jiaotong University

174

Study on Characteristics of Grounding Impedance of Large Grounding Grid

As the large grounding grid occupies large area, the potential difference on the grounding grid is obvious, and the proportion of inductive components in the grounding impedance is larger. Then the design and the operation of the grounding grid are different from the small grounding grid. The paper studies the characteristics of resistive components and inductive components in the grounding impedance of the large grounding grid. The factors affecting the grounding impedance and the features of the large grounding grid are discussed. The results can provide a technical reference for design, operation and maintenance of the large grounding grid.

Sen Wang, Shanxi Electric Power Research Institute; Feng Guo, Shanxi Electric Power Research Institute; Zhizhong Li, Shanxi Electric Power Research Institute; Bo Zhang*, Tsinghua University

176

THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNICAL CHANGES ON THE PRODUCT SELLING PRICE

The product price plays an important role and makes the production related costs an important issue to be considered. The more the company is able to reduce its costs, the higher the profit it is able to create from the sales of the product. The price must reflect the market environment in which the buyer is willing to buy the product at the price acceptable. The costs that are to be reduced are of various kinds: material costs, machinery and labor costs, energy costs, costs related to sales etc. All the costs mentioned are connected with the production process itself. For the costs to be reduced it is important to make changes to the production process. It is the aim of the article to describe the production process changes resulting in the reduction of costs and optimal selling price. Optimal selling price can be described as the price which is acceptable for both the seller and the buyer. The article deals with the influence of technical changes on the product selling price, the company’s financial plans including the cost rationalization through changes in the production process. Methodology uses the calculation formulas showing the price creation and cover contributions of different orders. Further on, financial plans of companies are used to demonstrate the plan without the rationalization of costs, i.e. without the technical changes made and with the rationalization of costs. The assessment of the influence of changes on the product selling price is presented.

Eva Vitkova*, Brno University of Technology

177

Optimization of the manufacturing process of a stranded cable

The paper presents a method for optimising the design parameters of a twisted conductor in order to increase the cable’s conductivity and reduce its weight. This, in turn, can provide savings of the conductive material. The paper describes the production method and the parameters that may influence the quality of the conductor. A series of simulations were performed to optimise the cable design. Then, the optimised design parameters were applied to cable production and a series of experiments were conducted to measure the cable’s weight and resistivity. The results of simulation were compared with those of experimental measurements. A number of configurations were analysed to select an optimal set of cable design parameters. The originality of this work consists in taking into account the deformed geometry of the conductor and the uneven distribution of the resistivity within a filament.

Napieralska Juszczak Ewa*, Universit? d'Artois; Piotr Napieralski, Institute of Information Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Poland

178

A Control Architecture to Coordinate DG and Series-LC-Filtered Hybrid Active Filter for Power Quality Improvement in Micro-Grid

In this paper, a control architecture to coordinate DG inverters and a series-LC-filtered hybrid active filter (HAF) is proposed to impede the current harmonics from flowing into the DG inverters and grid simultaneously. First, the main circuit topology illustrating the proposed control architecture is presented, which contains a group of DG units, a transformer interfacing the micro-grid to the grid, and a series-LC-filtered HAF. Secondly, harmonics rejection control (HRC) is incorporated into the volt-age-controlled inverters to suppress the current harmonics from nonlinear load. Moreover, a small-scaled HAF is connected to the point of common coupling (PCC). The LC filtering branch is designed based on the reactive demand of loads, which can reduce capacity of DG inverter further. Besides, potential harmonic resonance can also be effectively dampened with the proposed filtering method. Finally, a detailed case study validates the proposed control architecture and indicates that this method is suitable for grid-connected micro-grid, because it can effectively decrease current harmonics in both DG inverter output and grid side simultaneously.

Mingmin Zhang, Hunan University; Yong Li, Hunan University; Fang Liu*, Central South University; Yijia Cao, yjcao@hnu.edu.cn

179

Traditional Random Utility models vs Hybrid choice models for assessing environmental impacts of a new technology: the HySolaKit case study

The diffusion and market penetration analyses of new technologies is becoming a crucial point for correctly understanding the phenomena and for simulating different possible operational scenarios. Among the several technologies aiming to let the transportation system more sustainable, electric vehicles (EV) or Hybrid Electric vehicles (HEV) represent one of the possible solutions. Although electric technologies are consolidated and reliable, two main issues continue to be challenging tasks: a) interpreting and modelling users’ behavior towards these new technologies, b) assessing the potential environmental impacts. Both issues are highly correlated, since without an effective interpretation of users’ behavior, no reliable estimation of the environmental impacts could be never obtained. Within the cited context, it is common opinion that traditional approaches used to interpret and model users’ choice behavior may lead to neglect the numerous nonquantitative factors that may affect users’ perceptions and behaviors. As a matter of fact, psychological factors, such as attitudes, concerns and perceptions may play a significant role which should be explicitly modelled. The aim of the present paper is to investigate if behavioral models more accurate and effective in simulating new automotive technology adoption, may significantly affect market forecasts and environmental impacts estimation. Since the time and the cost to develop each modelling solution is significantly different and require different type of surveys, the main goal of the paper is to give some insights on the costs and on the benefits of each solution. Moreover, different models are compared in terms of sensitivity to different market scenarios and in terms of estimated environmental impacts on a real case study (the city of Salerno – southern Italy).

Stefano De Luca*, University of Salerno; Roberta Di Pace, University of Salerno

180

On the Hazardous Situations Due to the Presence of HV/MV Substations in Urban Areas

The paper focuses on the hazardous situations that can rise in urban areas in case of earth fault inside a High Voltage/Medium Voltage substation. In order to propose some practical guidelines for a safe integration of such installations in contexts characterized by the presence of low voltage systems and not trained persons, IEEE and IEC/EN standards and technical documents are examined and discussed.

Maria Luisa Di Silvestre*, University of Palermo; Eleonora Riva Sanseverino, DEIM University of Palermo; Gaetano Zizzo, DEIM University of Palermo; Pietro Colella, Politecnico di Torino; Enrico Pons, Politecnico di Torino

181

The Potential Effects of Real-Time Parking (RTP) Systems on Cruising for Parking and Green-House Gas Emissions

This paper studies the potential effects of Real-Time Parking (RTP) services on cruising for parking and Green-House Gas (GHG) emissions, in urban areas. A general purpose simulation software is adopted for simulating RTP and for evaluating its impact on veh-kms travelled. Preliminary results are summarised.

Mariano Gallo*, Universita' del Sannio - Dipartimento di Ingegneria; Filippo Montone, Università del Sannio

183

Nonsy-Load Flow: Smart Grid Load Flow Using Non-Synchronized Measurements

This paper presents a novel algorithm for load flow analysis in smart grids, using non-synchronized measurements collected at the main substation and at the terminals of Distributed Generators (DGs) and microgrids. This allows the use of already available measurements retrieved by a proper communication system to calculate voltage magnitude and phase angle of each node of the network, power flow in each branch, power injected by each generation source, and system losses. The proposed non-synchronized measurements-based load flow which we call Nonsy-load flow is based on the conventional backward-forward sweep, considering the synchronization angles as unknown variables to be calculated. Simulation results on a smart grid model with several DG units and microgrids validate the performance of the proposed Nonsy-load flow method. In all studied cases, the unknown synchronization angles are obtained precisely, which can satisfy the need of other smart grid applications requiring synchronized measurements.

Alireza Bahmanyar, Iran University of Science and Technology; Abouzar Estebsari*, Politecnico di Torino; Amin Bahmanyar, Islamic Azad University; Ettore Bompard, Politecnico di Torino

184

Lightning-Current Distribution in MV Grids Interconnected Earthing Systems

The paper presents a study on the effects of lightning strikes on Medium Voltage (MV) installations’ earthing systems, connected together by the metal shield of the cables of the MV distribution grid or by buried copper ropes. The study investigates the distribution of the lightning current among the interconnected earth electrodes in order to assess if the interconnection, normally done for reducing earth current entity during earth fault, can give place to dangerous situation far from the installation hit by the lightning. Two case studies are presented and discussed considering 1) a lightning hitting a High Voltage/Medium Voltage (HV/MV) station supplying various MV lines; 2) a lightning hitting a secondary cabin of the MV grid.

Gaetano Zizzo*, Universit? degli Studi di Palermo; Guido Ala, University of Palermo; Graziella Giglia, University of Palermo; Elisa Francomano, Università di Palermo

185

A Branch and Bound Algorithm to Solve Nonconvex MINLP Problems via Novel Division Strategy— An Electric Power System Case Study

This paper presents a Branch and Bound algorithm (B&B) for solving mixed integer nonlinear programming problems (MINLP), with non-convex feasible region. The main advantage of the proposed algorithm, comparing with the commonly used B&B algorithms, is using an innovative way of variables’ separation and sub-problems’ division where based on the necessity one more variable is used for the separation. This approach allows circumventing the probable difficulties caused by non-linearity and non-convexity. This paper aims at addressing the following issues that how to: 1) deal with nonlinear programming problems?, 2) to detect the infeasibility of a NLP problem?, and 3) deal with the non-convexity of the problem? To show the applicability of the proposed algorithm, it is applied to one of the most complicated problems in power system, the long-term static transmission expansion planning, which is modeled as an MINLP problem. To show the effectiveness and the shortcoming of the proposed approach, several case studies such as: Garver 6-bus, IEEE 24-bus, South Brazilian 46-bus, Bolivian 57-bus, and the Colombian 93-bus are conducted. Results show that the proposed algorithm is able to find the best known solutions for the aforementioned systems with a significant reduction in the number of sub-problems.

Marcos Jesus Delgado*, UFMT; Mahdi Pourakbari Kasmaei, UNESP, UCLM; Marcos Rider, UNESP

186

Carbon Footprint Allocation Among Consumers and Transmission Losses

Carbon emission reduction is one of the most challenging issues in this emission-constrained world. However, a reduction may come into reality when enough information is available. Although the emissions are produced on the generation side as a result of fuel combustion, this generation is driven by demands and consequently, the consumers are the prime responsible for carbon emission of the electric power sector. On the generation side, enough information is provided via the economic-oriented tools such as economic dispatch and optimal power flow (OPF). However, on the demand side, this requires a more complicated procedure to show the consumers their effect on emission production. To explain and remedy this shortcoming, in this paper, we allocate the carbon footprint among the consumers as well as the transmission loss via a tracing method. This proposal can be applied to smart demand-side management aiming at carbon emission reduction.

Mahdi Pourakbari Kasmaei*, UNESP, UCLM; Mohammadreza Habibi, SBUK; Masoud Rashidinejad, SBUK; Javier Contreras, University of Castilla–La Mancha; Jose Sanches Mantovani, Universidade Estadual Paulista

187

An Electric Railway Power Conditioning System Based on Asymmetrical Connection Balance Transformer

Considering the emerging power quality problems of electrified railway, an electric railway power conditioning (RPC) system based on asymmetrical connection balance trans-former is pro-posed, which has good comprehensive performance on eliminat-ing the negative sequence current (NSC), compensating reactive power, and compensating harmonic. Instead of the step-down transformer, the inductive filtering transformer is utilized, which can filter selected harmonic at a low voltage level to reduce the influence of harmonic on RPC. Meanwhile, to improve the cost-efficiency and stability of the compensation system, a cost optimi-zation algorithm has been presented, which allocates the compen-sation capacity of reactive power for RPC effectively and the fully tuned (FT) branches of inductive filtering transformer has been presented, which creates the condition for large scale industrial application. The case study is used to validate the presented com-pensation system, and shows that this system can improve the power quality significantly, and very suitable for electrified rail-way system.

Bonan An, Hunan University; Yong Li*, Hunan University; Fang Liu, Central South University; Yijia Cao, yjcao@hnu.edu.cn

189

An Analysis of Delay-based and Integrator-based Sequence Detectors for Grid-Connected Converters

Detecting and separating positive and negative sequence components of the grid voltage or current is of vital importance in the control of grid-connected power converters, HVDC systems, etc. To this end, several techniques have been proposed in recent years. These techniques can be broadly classified into two main classes: The integrator-based techniques and Delay-based techniques. The complex-coefficient filter-based technique, dual second-order generalized integrator-based method, multiple reference frame approach are the main members of the integrator-based sequence detector and the delay-signal cancellation operators are the main members of the delay-based sequence detectors. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical and experimental comparative study between integrator and delay based sequence detectors. The theoretical analysis is conducted based on the small-signal modelling, and experimental study is conducted using dSpace platform.

Hesam Khazraj*, AAlborg universtity; Filipe Faria da Silva, AAlborg universtity; claus Leth Bak, AAlborg universtity

190

A Smart Ward with a Fall Detection System

Fall incidents are one of the most important ward safety issues in hospitals because falls may cause extreme injuries, resulting in serious physical, psychological, and social consequences. In this paper, we present a smart ward with a fall detection system. The smart ward can issue an alarm signal to corresponding healthcare givers once it detects a fall event. The smart ward is consisted of a Kinect depth camera and a neural-network-based fall detection algorithm. We deigned nine different scenarios to test the performance of the proposed smart ward. The accuracy ratio was 98.15% and the KAPPA value was 0.96.

Mu-Chun Su*, National Central University, T; Jia-Wei Liao, national Central University, Taiwan; Pa-Chun Wang, Cathay General Hospital, Taiwan; Chen-Hsu Wang, Cathay General Hospital, Taiwan

191

Health and Well-being in indoor work environments. A review of literature

During the design and realization process of an indoor work environment there is the need to guarantee to the future occupants adequate health and wellbeing conditions. Such condition are related both to the Occupational Health and Safety and then to the exposure to physical agents, and to the Indoor Environmental Quality and then to the perception of comfort. Physical agents and comfort represent complementary aspects, but they are characterized by two different approaches. The human exposure to the physical agents is governed by national and international Directives where the limit values for each agent are indicated. The exposure to physical agents is tackled according to pass/fail criteria. However, the fulfillment of these limits ensures safe working conditions but not the achievement of comfort conditions. The perception of comfort is a long studied by the scientific community that has analyzed the relation between the perception of comfort and the environmental conditions. In this case the approach is qualitative with the use of indices of performance. In this paper the complexity of the relationship between occupant comfort and well-being is discussed. The Authors explores the existing literature on the Physical Agents and on the Indoor Environmental Quality in order to create a framework of the state of art of these two different but strictly connected aspects. This paper aims to be a benefit for researchers and specialists who endeavor to undertake research in this area and could act as a good starting point of view.

Michele Rocca*, UNIVERSITY OF PISA - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING - DEPT OF ENERGY

192

Evaluating The Impact Of Battery Electric Buses In Public Transport

in this work we evaluate the changes in energy demand and pollutant emissions due to the introduction of Battery Electric (BE) buses into the Public Transport. The findings of the study refer to the bus fleet operating in the metropolitan area of Rome. The originality of the study lies in the adoption of extensive geo-referenced open-data of the planned service and the network structure of the Public Transport fleet, as well as in the development of ad hoc consumption models for BE buses.

Gaetano Valenti, ; Carlo Liberto, ; Maria Lelli, ; Marina Ferrara, ; Marialisa Nigro*, Roma Tre University; Carlo Villante,

193

Efficiency Optimization of Small Hydro Power Plantt in Low Power Operation

This paper deals with a low power operation of small hydro power plants. It is typical for small hydro power plants on small rivers without reservoirs where the power in low season is less than one-third of nominal power. That is why the efficiency is decreased. The generator has low efficiency in this operation due to constant no load losses. Analysis of losses is presented and possible improvements are suggested. The last part of this paper presents a simple method of reducing no load losses, calculation of the power savings and experimental validation of this method.

Ondrej Rubes*, Brno University of Technology; Dalibor Cervinka, Brno University of Technology

194

An analytical approach for determining reserve times on metro systems

In recent years the growing interest in environmental issues has prompted researchers to investigate two main areas in the field of rail systems: how to improve performance in order to attract users from other transport modes with greater environmental impacts (such as private cars) and how to reduce energy consumption. On the latter issue, some procedures have been developed for determining suitable ‘green’ driving profiles which are, however, subject to greater travel times. Since precise quantification is critically important, in this paper we propose an approach to determining all operational times analytically, including reserve times. Finally, the methodology is applied in the case of a real metro line for validating the proposal.

Luca D'Acierno*, Federico II Univ of Naples; Marilisa Botte, federico II University of Naples; Bruno Montella, Federico II University of Naples

195

Optimal Scheduling of a Multi-Carrier Energy Hub Supplemented By Battery Energy Storage Systems

This paper introduces a management model for optimal scheduling of a multi-carrier energy hub. In the proposed hub, three types of assets are considered: dispersed generating systems (DGs) such as micro-combined heat and power (mCHP) units, storage devices such as battery-based electrical storage systems (ESSs), and heating/cooling devices such as electrical heater, heat-pumps and absorption chillers. The optimal scheduling and management of the examined energy hub assets in line with electrical transactions with distribution network is modeled as a mixed-integer non-linear optimization problem. In this regard, optimal operating points of DG units as well as ESSs are calculated based on a cost-effective strategy. Degradation cost of ESSs is also taken into consideration for short-term scheduling. Simulation results demonstrate that including well-planned energy storage options together with optimal scheduling of generating units can improve the economic operation of the multi-carrier energy hub while meeting the system’s constraints.

Mohammad Javadi, ; Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam*, Aalborg University; Josep M. Guerrero, University of Aalborg

196

Sustainable Industrial Plants: Asset-Aware, Waste-Averse and Energy Efficient

Global competition and reduced profit margins often push modern manufacturing systems towards operating close to their full capacity. Continuously operating components at or near full capacity can place additional stress on them and even lead to their premature failure. This, in turn, could result in halt in operation, inventory buildup, potential waste, and need for corrective maintenance or possible replacement. Sustainability has often been viewed as utilization of renewable and green energy. However, this paper puts forth an integrated framework for optimal asset and energy management in a manufacturing plant in order to promote sustainable operation. The goal is to devise an operation strategy for an industrial plant that minimizes the risk of component failure on the rest of the system, the operation cost, the emissions, as well as material waste due to unwanted post-process inventory. The problem is nonlinear and mixed-integer in nature, with multiple objectives that at times can be contradictory. We use a modified goal programming approach to solve the problem so that pareto optimality can be ensured.

Salman Mohagheghi*, Colorado School of Mines; Moein Choobineh, Colorado School of Mines

198

Emergency Operation of an Industrial Plant Using Load Shedding and Network Reconfiguration

Many modern industrial plants are designed to operate as a microgrid equipped with local generation. Under normal conditions, the plant is connected to and often mainly supplied by the utility’s network. However, during a disturbance on the utility side, it may island from the grid and continue supplying its load using available on-site generation. When local generation is not sufficient to supply the entire load (which is often the case), part of the non-critical loads must be shed so as to ensure the remaining critical loads receive the required quality of service. The decision to island and the amount by which the load must be curtailed are determined based on the values of the frequency/voltage and their rates of change. In this paper, we first propose a hybrid undervoltage/under-frequency islanding scheme for an industrial plant. It is assumed that once the plant is islanded from the grid, all non-critical loads are automatically disconnected. Depending on its internal structure and the position of normally open tie-switches, this may mean that the plant continues operating as multiple islanded microgrids. We then formulate a network reconfiguration problem that tries to maximize the amount of load served by reconfiguring the network topology and using backup energy resources. The problem will be solved and analyzed for a simplified version of a steel plant, both at steady state and during transients.

Salman Mohagheghi*, Colorado School of Mines; Moein Choobineh, Colorado School of Mines; Deborath Silva, Colorado School of Mines

199

Simulation approach of indoor thermal comfort improvment with use of Phase Change Materials

This paper deals with lightweight building simulation with phase change material on the North and the South walls. Givoni bioclimatic chart is used in order to compare results from study with and without phase change material. The results clearly show that the use of phase change material has a positive effect on inside air temperature indoor thermal comfort was improved.

stephane guichard *, Lineact Cesi; Karim BEDDIAR, CESI; Miranville Frédéric, université Réunion; boyer Harry, université la Réunion

200

Passive mitigation of stray magnetic fields generated by underground power lines

This paper focuses on magnetic fields created by joint bays. For technical reasons, within a joint bay cables have to be arranged in flat configuration with an increment of the cable distances which cause a higher magnetic field generation compared to the trefoil arrangement. Joint bays are usually mitigated by means of passive shields. The literature covers comparisons of flat metallic shields, passive loops and passive loops with improved magnetic coupling (called HMCPL). In the renewal of the HV grid of Torino, from 2010 to 2014 sixteen new 220 kV lines were laid. The total length is about 50 km. The cables were provided from three different manufacturers. A total of 70 joint bays were installed. 20 of 70 joint bays required a mitigation system. In 14 of them, HMCPL system has been used whereas in the others 6, the classical passive loops system has been installed. This paper summaries the performance of these existing system comparing its performance. Very satisfactory results are obtained regarding HCMPL, furthermore, we also experienced that the site assembly of HMCPL is faster and more flexible than any other shielding system.

Aldo Canova*, Politecnico di torino; luca giaccone, Politecnico di Torino; paolo Ribaldone, Terna spa; Giuseppe Lavecchia, Terna spa

201

Recent developments in photovoltaic electricity in Turkey and a site dependent analysis

Turkey's electricity demand increases continuously due to the population growth and industrial development. For this reason, diversification of energy sources becomes an important requirement for Turkey, in order to provide security of energy supply and reliable and continuous energy. In this context, many changes have been made in electricity market and usage of renewable energy sources in electricity generation has been encouraged with many incentives in Turkey. It can be said that there is almost no barrier for investors in photovoltaic (PV) electricity. In this study, the latest status of PV electricity of Turkey and recent developments in renewable energy incentives are evaluated. Besides that, energy performance of a three phase grid-connected PV power system is evaluated by some commonly known indicators such as performance ratio, specific energy and yearly solar electricity etc. for technical feasibility of PV system. Besides that performance comparison of three different solar modules are made under İzmit, Kocaeli weather conditions.

Mustafa Başoğlu*, Kocaeli University; Bekir ?akir, Kocaeli University

202

Comparative Study between Rule-based and Frequency Separation Energy Management Strategies Within Fuel-Cell/Battery Electric Vehicle

This paper presents a comparative study between rule-based and frequency separation energy management strategies within fuel-cell/battery electric vehicle, using a Fuel cell (FC) as a main energy source, and a battery as an auxiliary power source. FC supplies the main energy while battery supplies power peaks for fast acceleration and captures the braking regenerated energy. In this paper, we have shown the advantages and the limits of each one. In order to validate this study, Simulation and experimental results are carried out using dynamic model of electric vehicle and taking into consideration the effects of external environment.

Hamza ALLOUI*, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique

204

Algorithm for Out of Step Condition Detection and Early Warning Using Phasor Measurement Unit Data

In wide area monitoring, protection and control systems (WAMPAC) angle stability of transmission network is monitored. The WAMPAC systems use data from phasor measurement units (PMU) placed on transmission lines. Based on PMU measurements advanced algorithms are needed in order to detect and issue an early warning for out of step conditions. Such research hypothesis and algorithm will be described in the paper. Data and results from corresponding simulations done in Matlab environment are elaborated and explained to provide the insight of the potential benefits. This algorithm will be suggested to be implemented in protection functionalities segments of WAMPAC system in the transmission system operator central control center.

Igor Ivankovic, Croatian Transmission System Operator Ltd; Igor Kuzle, University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing; Ninoslav Holjevac*, University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing

205

Investigation into H_infinity Control of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator

This paper contains H-infinity control of a Brushless Doubly Fed induction Machine (BDFM) for wind energy applications. Seen that the BDFM combines the advantages of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) and those of the Squirrel Cage Induction Machine (SCIM), it represents a good alternative for variable speed generation. For a better control of this machine, we propose in this paper the use of an H-infinity controller. This controller is set out by the mixed sensitivity control theory. The good choice of weighting functions allowed us to perform good dynamic response with good robustness and stability. The performance of the proposed closed loop control scheme for grid connected BDFM was verified by simulation in Matlab environment. The obtained results show that the controller provides satisfying performances when the operating point varies.

Abderahmane Ganouche*, Université 20 Août 1955 Skikda; Hacene Bouzekri, automatique laboratory of skikda, universit? du 20 Aout 1955, skikda, Algeria; Antar Beddar,

206

Optimal Bypass Diode Configuration for PV Arrays Under Shading Influence

The shadowing phenomenon on solar cells causes the decrease of their output power. The study presents different bypass diode configuration models considering the purpose of use, environmental factors and installation condition to analyze the configuration and the number of diode bypass to be used to achieve the best performance of PV modules. The case study deals with PSpice simulation of I-V and P-V characteristics of a real PV module type. The analysis of simulation results highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each type of bypass diode configuration, as well as its capability to be used in practice.

Quan Duong, The University of Danang-University of Science and Technology; Gabriela Nicoleta Sava*, University Politehnica of Bucharest; Gabriela Ionescu, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Sonia Leva, Politecnico di Milano; Mircea Scripcariu, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest

208

Efficiency Analysis of a Hybrid Power System Used on a Residential Cluster Building in Romania

The paper presents the technical and economic analysis of a hybrid system based on renewable sources for a residential cluster building in Romania, Bucharest. The renewable system consists in micro-wind turbine, solar modules and biomass power plant with battery storage. The cluster of buildings will allow rebalancing the demand between buildings, achieving in this way peak shaving of power demand, and maximizing the benefits from renewable energy sources at their maximum production. The modeling, simulation and techno-economic analysis are developed in Homer software considering the placement and weather conditions. The aim of the analysis is to determine for the specific case study the optimal independent system configuration. The economic coefficients analyzed that determine a hierarchy of the dozens of technical cases possible are the net present value and internal rate of return.

Gabriela Nicoleta Sava*, University Politehnica of Bucharest; Gabriela Ionescu, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Horia Necula, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Quan Duong, The University of Danang-University of Science and Technology; Sonia Leva, Politecnico di Milano; Mircea Scripcariu, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest

210

Regulation issues for the integration of renewable energy in electricity markets

Electrical energy legislation evolution needs to follow the dynamics of deregulation that allowed the evolvement of the installed power capacity in parallel with the development of the technologies on different resources. This depends directly on technical and legislative factors related to the economic support to the investment for the construction of different power generation systems. The strengths and weaknesses of each stage of regulation can be analyzed by following the European energy models. The generation market has as its main objectives to motivate the competition among generation entities and to reduce the price of electrical energy to the consumers. The schemes implemented on the markets try to establish the price with sufficient advance by mechanisms of auction. The first phase of liberalization of the market for the production of electric power has been developed in different countries, but the strength between international power nets is still under specification. The technologies used for the generation of installed power have not observed criteria of availability of renewable resources and efficiency in electricity production as much as expected. The demand for electric energy should match efficient generation, as peaks of consumption demand higher production of electricity. The evolution of electric generation systems according to relevant legislation demonstrates that optimizing the choice of energy mix from standard and renewable sources must prioritize the implementation of energy storage systems from renewable resources.

David Bullejos*, Universidad de Cordoba; Jorge Llamas, Universidad de Córdoba; Manuel Ruiz de Adana, Universidad de Córdoba; Vicente Barranco, Universidad de Córdoba

211

Experimental Evaluations of Global Maximum Power Point Tracking Approaches in Partial Shading Conditions

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under partial shading conditions (PSC) has been popular topic recently. In this paper, P&O algorithm, full scanning and large scanning methods and a novel method are evaluated experimentally. In order to compare the methods and algorithms considered, a single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) was set up. Experimental results show that P&O algorithm has show poor performance in PSCs. On the other hand, full scanning and large scanning methods manages to track global MPPT (GMPPT). Performance of large scanning method is outstanding than full scanning one since it limits the scanning interval.

Mustafa Başoğlu*, Kocaeli University; Bekir ?akir, Kocaeli University

212

Towards a unified approach for the Distributed Measurement Systems

Many applications Internet-of-things (IoT) based exploit Distributed Measurement Systems (DMS) to acquire data from information sources. These sources are sensors equipped on objects or measurement instruments (MI), geographically located in different places. The heterogeneity of the smart objects used to develop IoT application has become a challenge in the design of the DMS, and very strong is the need to move towards new paradigm for programming and managing such systems. In fact, a current major limitation in the DMS development is the requirement of a deep knowledge about the different programming language and communication protocols, associated to the instruments. Scope of this paper is to provide an overview on DMS, focusing on the issues and the different technologies used, highlighting the software and architectural limits to the large diffusion for home automation, power-line monitoring and smart grid, with a proposal to overcome them.

Francesco Lamonaca*, University of Sannio; Domenico Grimaldi, DIMES, University of Calabria; Domenico Luca Carnì, DIMES, University of Calabria; Paolo Francesco Sciammarella, DIMES, University of Calabria; Luigi Martirano, University of Rome Sapienza

214

Review of Loss of Excitation Protection Setting and Coordination to the Generator Capacity Curve

After the liberalization of electricity market the absorption of reactive power by some generator is subsidized in order to support the power system voltage regulation. The setting of the loss of excitation protection is essential to warranties the correct operation of the generator in the under-excited area. A conservative setting does not allow the maximum reactive power absorption. On the other hand a setting which allows the maximum reactive power absorption could be dangerous. This paper presents a review of different setting recommendations for the loss of excitation protection and theirs coordination to the synchronous machine capacity curve. The settings has been validated through computer simulations.

Maria Dolores Lopez, Universidad Polit?cnica de Madrid; Carlos A. Platero*, Universidad Polit?cnica de Madrid; Pablo Mayor de Bergia, Technical University of Madrid; Ricardo Granizo Arrabé, UPM

215

Predictive Control for an Asymmetric Multilevel Converter for PV Energy Injection

Recent publications on multilevel converters show different topologies and control to obtain an improvement in the sinusoidal current waveform, controlling de DC voltage and the active/reactive power. This paper presents a 27-level asymmetric multilevel converter for photovoltaic injection using a predictive control algorithm with a single-phase converter to control the active power injected to the grid.

Javier Munoz*, Universidad de Talca; Fausto Cadena, Universidad de Talca; Patricio Gaisse, Universidad de Talca

216

UAV Application in Search and Rescue Missions within Forests: Analysis of the Voice-based Target Detection Approach

Assisting reported cases of people missing in forests necessitates time critical solutions as delay can dramatically lead to losses in human life. Due to their agility and autonomous behavior, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been recognized as energy efficient and effective solutions to assist search and rescue missions. However, effectively detecting and identifying the location of missing persons due to the various underlying parameters in forest based search and rescue missions (e.g. accessibility and size of search area) is still considered as a major challenge. Although in real situations, a victim would intuitionally yell so as to attract attention of the search and rescue team when lost in the woods, such target detection approach is yet to be implemented and assessed within UAV based search and rescue systems. This paper investigates the voice-based target detection approach within UAV-based search and rescue missions in forests and presents the findings from a conducted experiment.

Azhar Hosenbocus, Middlesex University (Mauritius Branch Campus); Girish Bekaroo*, Middlesex University; Aditya Santokhee, Middlesex University (Mauritius Branch Campus)

217

Power Quality and Custom Power, seeking for a Common Solution

Power Quality (PQ) and Custom Power (CuP) are two different terms in electric power system. PQ is the definition of a unique standard which the system operators should respect precisely. However the custom needs can be not satisfied respecting this standard. This paper presents the PQ and CuP definitions and tries to find possible common solutions which can furnish the DSO network to address the PQ issues and also could satisfy end user requirements to improve its profile and also provide possible economic benefits to end users. Application in smart grid network including RES and DG systems are investigated.

Hossein Hafezi*, Politecnico Di Milano; Roberto Faranda, Politecnico Di Milano

218

Geolocation for LPT - Use of geolocation technologies for performance improvement and test of Local Public Transport

This article shows how correlating information about moving users, which have been obtained through recorded data from their phones, with local public transport (LPT) map of the urban area, it is possible to test and improve the transport network performances. The study is focused on Rome where, every day, hosts residents, tourists and commuters coming from suburban areas in order to work, study or access services.

Fabio Pompei*, GL Group

219

DC or AC Distribution? an Economic Evaluation

Electric energy is the cleanest and more efficient energy type that is being transmitting and distributing among end users. From early evolution, ac distribution is selected as better solution for transmission and distribution purpose. However technological development has changed many things. This paper reconsider DC and ac distribution systems and economically compare several solutions to find better solution in order to add new loads to the grid or even change current ac infrastructure to the DC one. Theoretical evaluation has been conducted and a new three line DC distribution is proposed. A case study is performed to evaluate if it is beneficial to change/build DC distribution instead of ac one.

Roberto Faranda, Politecnico Di Milano; Hossein Hafezi*, Politecnico Di Milano

220

Sustainable Campus: Renovation of lighting fixtures for the reduction of CO2 emissions

The work deals with the reduction of CO2 emissions in school rooms of Politecnico di Milano, through the upgrading of lighting fixtures, in the context of the Città Studi Campus Sostenibile project. The aim is to provide an extensible intervention strategy to all the buildings of Politecnico di Milano and, more generally, to the School Construction, starting from the analysis of a limited number of buildings. Starting from the energy analysis of the current status in order to formulate the most appropriate methodologies for each classroom, three classifications have been suggested: age or generation, illuminance and energy. Two methods have been developed, with the purpose to design new efficient lighting systems. These strategies have led to a large reduction of consumption and, thus, to a reduction of CO2 emissions improving also the lighting comfort.

Sonia Leva*, Politecnico di Milano; Fabiana Satta, ; Alberto Dolara, Politecnico di Milano

221

Artificial lighting in low energy buildings as unique backup heating system

In this paper, taking the cue from the existing building “2226” (Lustenau, Austria) energy concept, the Authors point out how, for very low energy buildings, it is possible to maintain the internal temperature in comfortable range by only using the internal gains. In particular, the artificial lighting system, which is adjusted by an automated control system, can be considered as unique backup heating system.

Brunello Favilla*, Pisa University; Francesco Leccese, University of Pisa; Giacomo Salvadori, UNIVERSITY OF PISA - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING - DEPT OF ENERGY; Peter Widerin,

222

BATTERY POWERED 4-PHASE SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR DRIVE FOR ADVANCE ELECTRIC VEHICLE

— The growing need for “electric vehicles” against fuel consumption and pollution is seen all around the world. Unlike vehicles with combustion engines, battery powered electric vehicles do not produce exhaust gases during operation. There is no fuel odor and these vehicles are silent. These features itself makes electric vehicles more environment friendly than vehicles with conventional technologies. Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) has gained its importance in variable speed control operations as it has advantages like constructional simplicity, high starting torque, no magnets or windings on the rotor and adaptability to hostile conditions. In this paper a four phase SRM drive operated with hysteresis control is shown which can be used to drive an electric vehicle. Hysteresis control is used for low speed operations so that this simple control can be used in electric vehicles specially designed for metro purposes. MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation results are presented for this control strategy.

ABEL GEORGE*, COLLEGE; PINKYMOL K.P, SAINTGITS

223

Energy Management of Hybrid PV-Storage Systems for Improved Grid Integration

In this paper, the use of an Energy Management (EM) algorithm for reducing the peak-to-mean ratio of the daily grid-injected PV power profile is proposed. In this way, a better integration of hybrid PV-storage systems into the power grid can be obtained, avoiding, or at least reducing, the need for curtailment measures. Thus, a better market participation of PV producers can be achieved. The proposed EM technique has been tested in simulation under different scenarios, implying different injected PV power profile shapes and battery capacity values. Preliminary results, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach, are given.

Maria Carmela Di Piazza, CNR-ISSIA; Massimiliano Luna*, CNR-ISSIA; Giuseppe La Tona, CNR-ISSIA; Annalisa Di Piazza,

224

Review of Technical Issues and Challenges in the Development of Community Grids

The concept of a community grid is presented here. It involves the distribution grid and an increased use of renewable energy coming from distributed resources along with the prosumers engagement in energy trading mechanism. Under such scenario, the classical operation of the distribution grid is challenged by the issues brought by the large penetration level of the new resources. This paper presents a status review of the technical issues that appear under the community grid scenario. Building upon those surveyed issues, approaches to solutions, which are required to make the community grid highly renewable, are also reviewed and discussed.

Sebastian Rosado*, Intl. Energy Research Centre; Shafiuzzaman Khadem, Intl. Energy Research Centre

226

Optimal Damped-type Single Tuned Filters for Mitigating Harmonics using MIDACO

This paper presents a new method employing the Mixed Integer Distributed Ant Colony Optimization to optimize the sizing parameters of damped single tuned filter in the nonsinusoidal system where both source voltage and load current harmonics are present. The objective of the proposed method is to obtain the optimum value of inductance and capacitance along with the resistance of the inductor where the optimization maximized the power factor, minimized the losses power in Thevenin’s resistor and maximized the transmission efficiency. A method is presented where the global minimum and maximum is achieved after taking into account the nonlinearity of the loads, the voltage total harmonic distortion based on IEEE Std. 519-2014, the filter values which would introduce resonance, the effect of the Thevenin’s impedance on the load voltage, the quality factor of the tuning reactor and the manufacturer’s capacitor values according to IEEE Std. 18-2012. The optimal design of the damped single tuned filters is introduced, and a detailed comparison between previous published technique, undamped single tuned filters and damped single tuned filter has been discussed by means of different numerical examples.

Nor Hidayah Binti Abdul Kahar*, Brunel University London; Ahmed Zobaa, Brunel University

227

An AHP-Based Method to Assess the Introduction of Electric Cars in a Public Administration

The adoption of electric vehicles in an organization’s fleet can provide an emission-free urban transport, but such decision must be assessed from different perspectives (e.g. economic, environmental, social, etc.), particularly when there are multiple goals and stakeholders. The article presents a multiple criteria evaluation method which can be applied to support the decision on the adoption of electric cars by a public administration. The method has two main phases: analysis by indicators and multi-criteria analysis. The first phase can provide analytic results for each category of indicators, but the values are treated only in a disaggregate way and not summarized in a global indicator. Thus the multi-criteria methodology can provide an overall assessment of the alternatives based on the aggregation of the values obtained for all criteria (i.e. indicators). In summary, the goal of the method is to employ several indicators to measure the expected effects and synthesize them in an overall judgement, taking into consideration the different stakeholders points of view. The case study presented in the paper is an application of the structured evaluation method to the university fleet. The fleet consists of 21 cars with an average of only 5700 kilometres travelled. The indicators have been classified according to different impact areas: Economy, Energy, Environment, Society, Transport, Governance. The results are presented and discussed with particular reference to the estimation of the robustness of the solutions, through sensitivity analysis, and the impact of data quality on the results.

Michela Zornada*, University of Trieste; Giovanni Longo, University of Trieste; Elio Padoano, University of Trieste; Cristian Giacomini,

228

Optimal Operation Strategy of a Hybrid PV-Battery System under Grid Scheduled Blackouts

This paper addresses the optimal operation problem of a hybrid PV-battery system under grid scheduled blackouts which is a usual case of discontinuous power supply in developing countries. An adapted operational model for the system is developed considering new practical constraints. Unlike previous studies, new six operation modes considering a long-term time horizon (i.e., one year with four seasons) are introduced and investigated. In addition, a multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal seasonal operation mode schedule by minimizing, simultaneously, the total cost of energy dispatch and total loss of power supply. To demonstrate the applicability of the developed operational model, operation strategies and solution approach, a real case study from Gaza city in Palestine is used. The results clearly show that optimal seasonal operation mode schedule lead to a significant reduction of energy cost in comparison to one year fixed operation mode.

Mansour Alramlawi*, Technische Universität Ilmenau; Aouss Gabash, Ilmenau University of Technology, Department of Simulation and Optimal Processes; Pu Li, Ilmenau University of Technology, Department of Simulation and Optimal Processes

229

System identification and tuning of WPT systems

We present a procedure for system identification and tuning of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system that is based on four magnetically coupled resonators. Our system-identification procedure involves three main steps: 1) individual measurements of the capacitance banks in the system; 2) measurement of the two-port impedance matrix as a function of frequency for the system of magnetically coupled resonators; and 3) determination of inductances and coupling coefficients by means of solving a optimization problem with constraints. Given an accurate system model based on this identification procedure, we finally tune the magnetically coupled resonators based on a computational model of the system, where the objective is to achieve high power delivered to the load.

Johan Winges*, Chalmers Univ. of Tech.; Thomas Rylander, Chalmers Univ. of Tech.; Carl Petersson, QrTech; Christian Ekman, QrTech; Lars-Åke Johansson, QrTech; Tomas McKelvey, Chalmers Univ. of Tech.

230

The Influence of the Monoethanolamine Concentration on the Performances of the Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plant with CO2 Capture and Storage

Using a validated numerical modeling of a coal-fired TPP (Thermal Power Plant) and the simulations in the HYSYS software based on an experimental CO2 post-combustion capture installation, the paper analyzes the influence of modifying the MEA (MonoEthanolAmine) concentration, from 25 % to 32 %, on the performances of the coal-fired TPP with CCS (CO2 Capture and Storage). The computations show an increase both in the gross and net power. The gross efficiency of the coal-fired TPP with CCS increased from 37.28 % to 38.45 % and the net efficiency increased from 31.54 % to 32.67 %, the reference TPP without CCS having a power at the generator clamps of 600 MW and a gross efficiency of 45 %.

Victor Cenusa*, Univ. Politehnica of Bucharest; Mihaela Norisor, University Politehnica of Bucharest

231

An experimental study on relationship between LED lamp characteristics and non image-forming

One of the main goals in the engineering/construction industry is the reduction of lighting energy consumptions, which represent a significant share of the global amount of electricity consumptions. To this purpose several energy regulations and labelling systems have been implemented in the last few years, based on reducing energy consumptions and verifying the compliance with standards related to the performance of visual tasks (such as the UNI EN 12464-1). One of the most efficient solutions available, at that moment, to improve lighting energy efficiency, and to reduce CO2 emissions, is represented by LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting. However, other than performance of visual task, another element that must be taken into account, concerning visual comfort, is the so called non image-forming (NIF) or “non-visual responses” to light, such as the perception of an environment, mood, and, more importantly the circadian system. This paper reports the results of an experiment carried out in order to investigate the link between the different, above-mentioned, impacts that light has on the human organism, by exposing a sample people to the following different types of LED lamps. In particular, around twenty selected individuals participated in the experiment. The subjects participating in the study were exposed to each lamp every day for a week for at least 45 minutes before going to sleep; successively to the exposure, they were asked to respond an ad hoc questionnaire.

Gianluca Scaccianoce*, University of Palermo; Mauro Mosca, Università degli Studi di Palermo - DEIM; Roberto Macaluso, Università degli Studi di Palermo - DEIM; Laura Cirrincione, University student; Maria La Gennusa, Università degli Studi di Palermo-DEIM

232

Peak Shaving and Power Losses Minimization by Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicles Charging and Discharging in Smart Grids

Uncontrolled and random charging and discharging of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) can lead to incremental power losses, overloads and voltage fluctuations which are harmful for reliability and security of smart distribution systems. To overcome these disadvantages, in this paper a new approach is presented for coordination of multiple domestic PEVs charging and discharging based on peak shaving and minimization of active power losses. The proposed procedure enables the PEVs owners to select the preferred charging and discharging time zones based on priority selection. For this purpose, three charging and discharging time intervals have been considered for domestic PEV owners which give them opportunity to choose the preferred time zone based on their requirements. The proposed method considers random plug-in of PEVs and enables PEVs to begin charging and discharging as soon as possible while complying with network operation criteria. A smart modified distribution 1537-bus test system is employed to demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed approach for charging and discharging management of PEVs in smart parking lots.

Meysam Amirahmadi*, Islamic azad university; Somayyeh Khatiri-Doost, Islamic Azad University

233

Outdoor Power Stations CCTV Systems that Work Synergistically with the Security Lighting

At present time, in the operation of the outdoor electric power stations providers access their unattended operation. Linked to this there is necessary to know what is happening in the station not only during the day, but especially at night. Since the operation of the entire lighting system in normal operation is highly uneconomical and generates light pollution too, the solution is that in permanent night operation is only lighting system providing illumination around the fence for security cameras and for visibility of the borders of power station from outside. Synergistically with this type of lighting should be set up security cameras system providing information about potential disruption perimeter of the power station. The article deals with the proper selection and mutual synergy of outdoor lighting systems and security cameras system. The issue is not only in the power stations, but generally in using of the cameras systems in industrial applications which are dependent on artificial lighting. Main chapters of the article will solve following problems. At the beginning it is necessary to describe the need to choose the color of light of artificial lighting system to spectral sensitivity of chips inside the cameras. It will continue with recommending for a design of artificial lighting system with respect to the placement of cameras. It means the design which calculates not only with horizontal illuminance, but cameras (vertical) illuminance too. The camera illuminance is necessary for recording of images the whole distance between the luminaires. The whole policy of illumination for cameras must be re-evaluated compared to standard public lighting systems design. In the last part of this article will be described relations between the horizontal illuminance, the camera illuminance, luminance and illuminance on the camera which are given by manufacturers.

Petr Bos*, VSB TU Ostrava; Richard Baleja, VSB TU Ostrava; Karel Sokansky, VSB TU Ostrava; Tomas Novak, VSB TU Ostrava

234

Performance Improvement of Grey Wolf Optimization by DOCRs coordination

In this paper a modified algorithm of Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) to solve the directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) coordination is presented. The proposed algorithm use a few individuals to solve the relay coordination, the search function of the solution is improved, which makes it very efficient in problems subjected to many restrictions. The proposed formulation of GWO algorithm is presented through the comparison between two formulations, weighted and multi-objective, resulting in the evaluation of an implementation criteria. Test power systems are highly interconnected with DG and the presence of fault current limiters is evaluated. The results show that this methodology can be advantageous and useful for the solution of the setting of relays in complex electrical systems.

Arturo Conde*, UANL; Elvir Hilmar, UANL; Meng Yen Shih, UANL

235

Applying Value Stream Mapping for Load Conservation and Peak Clipping Strategy

Energy saving has important role in sustainable consumption of World resources. For the electrical energy system, the fluctuation in loads create inefficient resource consumption. In open electricity market this results in the price fluctuations. The major part of industrial electrical energy consumers are able to control their energy consumption more efficiently. The article will focus on the energy saving possibilities elaborating method described in companion article “Value stream mapping for evaluation of load scheduling possibilities in a district heating plant”. Energy saving principles are found based on two load shaping strategies: conservation and peak clipping. In conservation and peak clipping the energy saving is achieved by reducing load losses in consumption. Paper proposes method for finding losses in 4 different aspects, reduction of losses in energy supply, reduction of losses in consumer unit, reduction of losses from inefficient control and reduction of losses behind consumer unit. In addition, two load shaping strategies are combined with third load shifting strategy. The method for load shifting is described in pervious companion article and current article describes how to combine load shifting with conservation and peak clipping strategy by using value stream mapping tool coming from lean manufacturing philosophy. The article introduces holistic demand side response method for production processes. The method is described through the experimental example carried out in boiler plant with simple process for woodchips conveying and stocking. Finally article makes comparison with other alternatives, there is found that proposed method has its benefits by combining load shaping strategy’s into one method for energy saving purposes.

Raivo Melsas*, TUT; Argo Rosin, TUT

236

Flexible PQ Control for Single-Phase Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Inverter

The paper presents a flexible control of active and reactive power for single phase grid-tied photovoltaic inverter supplied from PV array based on quarter cycle phase delay methodology to generate the fictitious quadrature (orthogonal) signal in order to emulate the PQ theory of three-phase system. The investigated scheme is characterized by independent control of active and reactive power owing to the independent PQ reference signals that satisfy features and new demands of modern grid-tied inverters fed from distributed generation resources. The study is conducted on 10 kW PV array using PSIM program. The obtained results demonstrate the high capability to provide quick and accurate control of the injected active and reactive power to the main grid. The harmonic spectrum of power components and resultant grid current indicate that the single-phase PQ control scheme guarantees and satisfies the power quality requirements and constrains, which permits application of such scheme on a wide scale integrated with other PV inverters where independent PQ reference signals would be generated locally by energy management unit in case of microgrid, or from remote data center in case of smart grid.

Mohamed Azab*, Benha University

237

Determination of the Effect of Short-Term Interruptions in Mains Voltage on the Reliability of Consumer Electronics Products

One of the most important reliability approval tests carried out in order to ensure reliability in the consumer electronics is the short-term voltage interruption test. This test simulates the short-term interruptions in mains voltage. Short-term interruptions occured by faults in mains voltage, installations or by a sudden large change of load, and voltage variations. In this study; for consumer electronics products, the importance of fail conditions that would occur in the short-term interruptions in the mains voltage is discussed. As an experimental study, the led driver circuit is tested.

Murat Demir*, Vestel Electronics; Ali Bekir Yıldız, Kocaeli University; Murat İltir, Vestel Electronics

238

RES Production and Load Forecasting for Energy Optimization through EVs in the Smart Cities

Nowadays, the transition to a more sustainable energy and transport system is necessary. This work faces this theme at a district level, considering a residential neighborhood of a big metropolitan area and proposing a model for a Smart Residential District. The optimum quantities of installed RES power are calculated thanks to an optimization procedure based on an Artificial Neural Network. In fact, in this study, a predictive model based on feed-forward neural network trained with Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation learning algorithm is proposed to forecast solar irradiation and load power consumption using past values of these vectors. This enables to optimize the self-consumption of electricity produced from renewable sources through the use of electric vehicles batteries, in order to limit the electrical power that the network has to deliver in the system and the related carbon dioxide emissions.

Michela Longo*, Politecnico di Milano; Federica Foiadelli, Politecnico di Milano; Federico Frattini, Politecnico di Milano; Simone Franzò, ; Vito Manfredi Latilla, Politecnico di Milano

239

Photovoltaic system equipped with a solar concentrator and two-axis tracking system

The paper presents a novel approach to the autonomous photovoltaic system with the low concentrator ratio. The system is equipped with a solar concentrator and a two-axis tracking system which tracks the apparent position of the Sun on the celestial sphere. The concentrator directs the reflected radiation on the photovoltaic surface which increases the value of incident luminous stream. The two-axis tracking system is controlled by the device developed by the author. The device is based on the data from the GPS module and calculates the current value of the azimuth and declination angle of the Sun. Then it changes the position of the photovoltaic panels to provide optimal incidence angle of solar radiation and eliminates the phenomenon of masking and shading. The next section of the article presents the modeling of the distribution of the luminous stream and technical light properties of the surface materials used to construct the solar concentrator in photovoltaic systems. In the modeling the authorial developed algorithm was used, which utilizes a combination of selected elements of BRDF function models. The analysis of the steel polished electrochemically, the mechanically polished steel and the silver-plated steel allows for the selection of the material with the best technical light properties. The application of the presented solution increases the power output of the photovoltaic panels by 17.2%.

Kamil Plachta*, Wroclaw University of Science

240

Solving Company Cooperation Tasks in the Construction of Power Transmission Lines

The article is dedicated to tasks related to rational cooperation of supply and distribution network companies in the designing and construction of power transmission lines at market conditions. Specifically, the individual and cooperative approaches in decision-making for individual market participants are considered. To substantiate the rationality of the decisions and to show the additional gain in case of cooperation between the companies, avoided cost method and cooperative game theory methods are used. The article considers solution alternatives in case of a collision of interests between the companies of the high-voltage network and those of the low and medium voltage networks; the selected alternatives are compared and the possible gain of the participants in case of various models of behaviour is analysed. The proposed strategies and calculation examples are based on an ongoing high-voltage power transmission line reconstruction project in a real European country.

Igors Moskins*, Riga Technical University

241

A case study on the interoperability of the Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) technique with carrier signal protection schemes (PTT and DEF) and SCADA system between two Utilities in Thailand

This research paper presents a unique case study of a selected SPP named ABCD located in the eastern region in Thailand. ABCD currently earns revenue from selling the electricity to Thailand’s Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) via 115 kV substation of Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). Both PEA and EGAT somewhat require in monitoring and control how ABCD should operate and transfer the electricity through their own assets. The existing protection scheme in this SPP is very simple. There have been only distance and directional relays connected to EGAT bus and ABCD’s ends without other teleprotection schemes. The interesting problem starts when ABCD want to increase its generation capacity from 92 MW to 119 MW. It is now required to meet EGAT’s new protection regulation called direct transfer trip (DTT) technique and carrier signal protection schemes (both PTT-permissive transfer trip and DEF-directional earth fault transfer trip). PEA then also requests for monitoring and control the real-time protection operation via PEA SCADA system. This paper thoroughly elaborates the design concept and how to configure the proposed protection system and devices to meet EGAT and PEA requirements. To meet EGAT’s new regulation, two teleprotection cabinets were added at both ends (EGAT and ABCD) in order to complete the communication between the two via PEA’s fiber optics network. Another requirement to connect to PEA’s SCADA system was done by adding another cabinet with gateway protocol converters (between PEA’s DNP3 protocol and ABCD’s internal IEC61850 ), remote terminal unit (RTU) and Ethernet switch at the ABCD’s end. The PEA’s fiber optic network has been used here via multiplexer (MUX). In order to validate that proposed scheme is capable of working properly, both FAT test and commissioning test are mandatory. What we have learned from this particular case study can be used as a very good example for the similar circumstance in Thailand.

Chow Chompoo-inwai*, Faculty of Engineering, KMITL; Naradon Chotiwanaporn, EE Dept, Engineering Faculty, KMITL; Chai Chompoo-inwai, EE Dept, Engineering Faculty, KMITL

242

An integrated Zero Emission Bus (ZEB) service in metropolitan areas

Congestion and pollution are the main problem in all metropolitan areas over the world. Many are the policies adopted until now according to the country characteristics. Most city administrations implemented policies to transfer people from car to public transport but often its level of service induces to travel by car and congestion does not decrease. Moreover most of buses used for road transport are old and pollutant. Consequences on health conditions of residents are becoming dramatic. In the last decades some attention has been paid to hybrid or electric vehicles both for private and public transport in order to face up pollution. In this paper a fuel cell bus system is proposed for a metropolitan area and its economic feasibility has been valued comparing it to a similar full electric bus system and taking also into account residents’ health advantage.

Luigi Biggiero*, Univ. Federico II of Naples; Francesca Pagliara, University Federico II of Naples

243

Reconfiguration of Smart Distribution Network Considering Variation of Load and Local Renewable Generation

Distribution network’s high R/X ratio results in high distribution losses, contributing to large voltage drops, low voltage stability, increased power losses and decreased reliability to sustain disturbance. Power distribution system reconfiguration can be achieved by changing the status of sectionalizing and ties switches on the feeders to power loss reduction and voltage profile improvement. So demand on distribution systems depends on the time and also on the load type as industrial, commercial, urban residential and mixed load. With increasing distributed generation (DG) units’ presence and considering that generated power form wind turbines, solar photovoltaic panels and small hydropower units are not constant, having an attention to effects of power generated values variation of these units on operational parameters is necessary. In normal operation, the reconfiguration of distribution network can reduce losses and improve voltage profile. Load profiles hourly variations on the one hand and power generation variation of wind turbines, solar photovoltaic panels and small hydropower units versus wind speed, intensity of sunlight and river flow and reservoirs capacity on the other hand, the necessity of online distribution network reconfiguration implementation using installation of remote controlled switches are highlighted. This problem can effect power loss of network and change operation point of system. In this paper optimal online reconfiguration, taking into account hourly changes in output power of renewable energy sources considering the hourly variation of three load types residential, industrial and commercial using Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) to reduce power losses and improve voltage profile in the standard 33 bus will be conducted during 24 hours. The results of the simulation show the effectiveness of the proposed method to reduce losses and improve voltage profile.

Belal Mohamadi Kalesar*, APED Co.

244

Comparative analysis of monitored and self-reported data on electricity use

Although demand side management as a concept is broadly accepted as a key mechanism for leveling peaks in residential electricity demand, the details of optimal implementation are far from determined. While some direct benefits can be gained through smart control systems, the role of behavior change is yet to be fully understood. This paper presents a comparative study of monitored household electricity demand data of key load appliances and household occupants’ self-reported activities related to use of those appliances. We find value and complementarity in both approaches; one does not replace the other when both technical and human interactions need to be understood.

Kiti Suomalainen*, University of Otago; Michael Jack, University of Otago; David Eyers, University of Otago; Rebecca Ford, University of Oxford; Janet Stephenson, University of Otago

245

Fostering Innovation Cooperative Energy Storage Systems: the Storage4Grid Project

Storage4Grid is a 36-months project funded by the European Commission under call LCE-01-2016, Area 1 (Storage). Storage4Grid aims at boosting the uptake of storage technologies between the distribution grid level and the end-user level, by developing a novel, holistic methodology for modeling, planning, integrating, operating and evaluating distributed Energy Storage Systems (ESS) including storage at user premises and storage at substation level, Electrical Vehicles (EVs), innovative energy metering and energy routing technologies. This paper shortly outlines the challenges tackled by the project, its goals, the chosen methodology and its reference scenarios and test sites.

Riccardo Tomasi*, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella; Fu Jinyong, ISMB; Riccardo Tisseur, ISMB; Maurizio Spirito, ISMB; Mihai Sanduleac, UPB; veronika Krauss, Fraunhofer FIT; João Martins, UNINOVA; Massimo Minighini, Alperia Group; Rasmus Mosbæk, Lithium Balance A/S

247

Study, Analysis and Optimization of Multilevel Inverters Based in a High Stepping DC/DC Converter for Renewable Energies

In this work, the advantages of a new DC / DC topology converter focused for multilevel converters is studied. Among the advantages the generation of two isolated DC levels from a single low voltage DC source stands out specially renewable energy applications, other advantages provides are a high elevation factor of 1:10 and a fewer number of components compared to conventional configurations. The results are presented by a comparative study, between the implementation of both configurations using conventional DC sources, and the topology discussed in this paper. This contribution is based on the redesign of the convencional boost converter. The results are performed in a simulation environment using Simulink platform.

Alejandro Zavala Bárcenas , Technological Institute of Morelia ; Benjamin Vidales Luna*, Universite Lorraine ; Manuel Madrigal Martinez, Technological Institute of Morelia ; domingo Torres Lucio , Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia

249

A Particle Swarm Optimization Approach for Sliding Mode Control of Electromechanical Valve Actuator in Camless Internal Combustion Engines

The performance of internal combustion engines can be improved using the camless structure. Replacing the crankshaft by a camless actuation technology leads to improvement in torque and power performance, fuel efficiency and pollutant emissions. In this paper, the control of an electromechanical valve actuator of camless engine is considered. Tracking the desired trajectory, achieving a soft landing, having a small transient time for valve opening and closing and attenuating the disturbances are the main challenges in the control of this system. In this paper, sliding mode control is presented for dealing with all these issues. Moreover, to optimized the system response, the concept of sliding-mode control is incorporated into particle swarm optimization. The simulation results indicate the sliding mode controller variables tuned through a particle swarm optimization algorithm has a better performance compared to the classical sliding-mode controller especially in the presence of uncertainty and the disturbances.

Hamed Khodadadi*, Khomeinishahr branch, Islamic ; Roozbeh Samani,

250

Reuse EV battery system for renewable energy introduction to island powergrid

In order to introduce a reuse EV battery system to an island powergrid, this paper analyzes the factors which cause power system frequency fluctuation and generation of surplus power when installing renewable energy into an existing power system. Then a method to increase the efficiency of the installation of renewable energy was proposed and evaluated through simulation.

Yuki Matsuda*, Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo ; Kenji Tanaka, Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo

252

An integrated combinatorial auction method for the co-allocation of energy and reserves implemented on a two-level time scale

We define a combinatorial auction based framework which considers energy and reserve purchase offers and simultaneously prepares the allocation of energy production and reserves to power plants. We assume that power plants are submitting their bids as operation intervals, and for each such operation interval the maximal and minimal power production vale, production cost and maximal available reserve amount for each type of reserve is given. Time is divided into macro-periods, which are further divided into micro-periods. Buying bids, regarding both energy and reserves, are defined on the level of micro-periods. The proposed algorithm does not explicitly allocate power generation and reserve values to the generators, only determines a potentially feasible pre-allocation, which may be used as a set of constraints in further dispatch methods.

Dávid Csercsik*, PPKE ITK

253

Application of the Average Potential Method on Grounding Systems Considering Coupling Between Electrodes by the Soil

This paper presents a practical application of a methodology based on the Average Potential Method to calculate potentials on grounding electrodes considering coupling between conductors by the soil. This problem is of special concern due to the presence of passers-by near metallic fences, whose potentials usually have not been evaluated, unintentionally connected to the grounding grid. In this context, the paper presents a study aiming to estimate the possible risk to human beings close to energized grounding conductors, as in the case of the vicinity of a substation. Based on the proposed method, the potentials originating from a short-circuit in the electric power system are calculated considering the coupling between the main grounding system and the adjacent electrodes. Finally, the methodology is explained considering different substation grounding topologies.

Daniel Gazzana*, UFRGS University; Guilherme A. D. Dias, UFRGS; Akex Tronchoni, UFRGS University; Roberto C. Leborgne, UFRGS; Marcos Telló, State Company of Electrical Energy CEEE-D; Arturo S. Bretas, University of Florida

254

Capacity Optimization of SMES-Battery Hybrid Energy Storage in Active Power Quality Compensator

Abstract—In order to reduce the cost of active power quality compensator(APQC), this paper proposes a capacity optimization method of SMES-battery hybrid energy storage system based on the life cycle cost (LCC) theory. The mathematical model is established by considering the LCC as the objective function, the state of charge (SOC) and the output power as the constraint conditions. Finally, by means of F47 voltage sag testing and cost comparison of three kinds of energy storage system, the technical and economical rationality of the capacity optimization energy storage scheme is demonstrated.

Chun-Jun Huang*, Sichuan University

255

Optimal Self-healing Solution in Electric Distribution Networks with High Distributed Energy Resources Penetrated

This paper has proposed an optimal self-healing solution to guarantee the distribution network security based on the predicted loading range of each network node. In this solution a system security risk index is firstly calculated based on the forecasted individual loading data using Monte Carlo simulation method. And then an optimal self-healing method is triggered once the risk value is greater than a predefined value, in which the adjustment of reactive power output of distributed energy resources and the network reconfiguration method are optimally combined together to provide self-healing strategies to eliminate the possible upcoming voltage violation and line overloading conditions in the grid under the forecasted nodal loading conditions. A linearized power flow method and the Taylor expansion method are utilized to form a mixed integer linear programming model to solve the corresponding optimization problem with the objective minimizing the overall operation cost. Two testing networks with different topologies have been utilized for simulations to prove the robustness and feasibility of this model, which displays that in modern electric distribution networks the distributed energy resources (DERs) can be an effective alternative method to improve the system security when it has high penetration rate in the grid.

ZITONG SONG*, Accenture; Qin Zhou, Accenture; Jianhua Zhang, Accenture

256

New Load Scheduling Scheme for Smart Home Appliances

In this paper, a real-time load scheduling problem of a smart home consisting of renewable energy source (RES), a set of home appliances with three different type of load characteristics, including the interruptible load, and two types of uninterruptible loads, and dynamic electricity tariff is formulated. A home energy management system (HEMS) is developed using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) aiming to solve load scheduling problem of home appliances and minimizing the total electricity cost and waiting time cost. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed real-time load scheduling scheme could both satisfy the load scheduling home appliances and minimizing the total electricity cost and waiting time cost.

Leehter Yao, National Taipei U. of Tech.; Zolboo Damiran*, National Taipei University of

257

Power Quality Enhancement of UPQC Connected WECS using FFA with RNN

This paper presents a design of combined operation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) and Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) to mitigate the power quality problems of distribution system. The proposed system consists of WECS, series and shunt APF connected to DC link to compensate the voltage sag, swell, harmonics and voltage interruption. The integration of wind power into an electric grid accounts the Power Quality (PQ) problems and will be measured. Here, the compensation strategy of UPQC is analyzed with adaptive technique, which is used for Firefly Algorithm (FFA) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The FFA is used for optimization and the RNN is used for training the optimization parameter. The proposed method generates the optimal control pulses of the series and shunt Active Power Filters (APF) based on the source side and load side parameters. The system is able to inject the active power to grid in addition to its ability with improvement of PQ in distribution system. The performance of the proposed FFA based UPQC system is validated through simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK and compared with the existing techniques such as ANFIS based UPQC and GA based UPQC.

SENTHIL VADIVU UTHIRAPATHI*, PES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

259

Fire Risk Assessment and Cable Selection for End-User Substations

The paper examines the issues related to fire risk assessment in end-users substations. Fires are often due to faults in electrical installations, overvoltages, lack of maintenance, etc. It is crucial that fires be confined within the substation, and not propagate into the adjacent environment, where their effects may put at risk personnel, as well as other properties. For reducing the risk of propagation, the choice of cables and the related wiring methods are crucial; in particular, the characteristics of cables tunnels allowing the routing of cables from the substation to adjacent rooms is very important. IEEE and IEC fire protection standards for end-user substations are herein discussed, with emphasis on the criteria to properly select cables for the specific conditions of use and to limit the risk of fires.

Gaetano Zizzo*, Universit? degli Studi di Palermo; Salvatore Favuzza, DEIM University of Palermo; Massimo Mitolo, Irvine Valley College

260

Active load sharing technique for on-line efficiency optimization in DC microgrids

Recently, DC power distribution is gaining more and more importance over its AC counterpart achieving increased efficiency, greater flexibility, reduced volumes and capital cost. In this paper, a 24-120-300V two-level DC distribution system for home appliances, each including three parallel DC-DC converters, is modeled. An active load sharing technique is proposed for the on-line optimization of the global efficiency of the DC distribution network. The algorithm aims at the instantaneous efficiency optimization of the whole DC network, based on the on-line load current sampling. A Look Up Table, currently derived using the PSIM software tool, is created on-line to derive the real efficiencies of the converters taking into account components tolerances. A MATLAB/Simulink model of the DC distribution network, interfaced with a PSIM model implementing the thermal behavior of the DC converters, has been set up and a Genetic Algorithm has been employed for the global efficiency optimization. Simulation results are shown to validate the proposed solution.

Gaetano Zizzo*, Universit? degli Studi di Palermo; Eleonora Riva Sanseverino, DEIM University of Palermo; Valeria Boscaino, University of Palermo; Josep M. Guerrero, University of Aalborg; Lexuan Meng, Aalborg University

261

Innovative algorithms for the management of combined RES-BESS systems

The papers deals with the definition of innovative algorithms for managing electrical storage systems in hybrid PV and wind installation, also taking into account the emergency operation and the difference electricity prices during the day. Application examples for explaining the operation of the algorithms are presented.

Gaetano Zizzo*, Universit? degli Studi di Palermo; Diego La Cascia, DICGIM Department of Chemical Engineering, Management, Computer Science, Mechani; Salvatore Favuzza, DEIM University of Palermo; Luigi Dusonchet, Universit? degli Studi di Palermo; Mariano Ippolito, DEIM - Università di Palermo; Salah Ben Mabrouk, CRTEN

262

How to control supercapacitors and to account for the consequent extension of battery lifetime in an isolated AC microgrid

A functional power flow control for an energy management system (EMS), enabling the peak shaving in an autonomous microgrid, supported by a hybrid energy storage (HESS) is the matter of this paper. The microgrid configuration features two diesel generators, PV panels, lead acid batteries and supercapacitors (SCs). The EMS directs the power flow to optimize the fuel consumption, while extending the life of the batteries. Modelling, simulations and experimental verification are presented together with the optimization analysis which determines best environmental and economic outcomes for the microgrid management in standalone mode. The application is thought for isolated small communities (i.e. on mountains, islands or isolated locations) or small resorts/hotels.

Norma Anglani*, University of Pavia; Giovanna Oriti, Naval Postgraduate School; Alexander Julian,

263

A Simplified Load Sharing Control for Parallel Inverters in Microgrid

Parallel-connected inverters are utilized extensively due to their advantages such as expandable output power and improved reliability. In order to have desirable operation of the paralleled inverters, employing an efficient control approach is essential. Generally, in conventional control methods amplitude and frequency of the inverters output voltage are adjusted to achieve balanced current distribution and desirable power sharing between them. The conventional methods have several shortcomings such as complicated control including inner multi-loop feedback as well as frequency and voltage deviations. In this paper, a new control strategy is proposed, in which by applying a self-tuning filter (STF) to voltages and currents a suitable current reference is generated. The inverters switching pattern is achieved by passing the current error through a hysteresis current controller. The main advantages of the proposed technique is elimination of phase locked loop (PLL) and proportional-integral (PI) controllers, which leads to have a simpler and low cost approach. The method is evaluated using some simulations in MATLAB/Simulink in different conditions. The performance of the proposed method is compared with a similar conventional method. The proposed method has some merits regarding some aspects including accurate load sharing, frequency and voltage regulations as well as fast dynamic response.

Teymoor Ghanbari*, Shiraz unversity; vahid Azarm, Shiraz university; farzad Iraji, Shiraz university; ebrahim Farjah, Shiraz university

264

Evaluating Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker Using Half-Cycle RMS Values

Evaluating voltage fluctuations and flicker using simulated or recorded data is an important part of the planning process related to power quality. Simulation tools perform calculations using sinusoidal steady-state models and methods and numerous power quality recorders save RMS values on a cycle by cycle basis. Previous work has shown the feasibility of using cycle-by-cycle RMS values as inputs to the standard flickermeter as long as the fluctuation frequency was below 10 Hz. The work in this paper is based on the same concept of using full-cycle RMS values as flickermeter inputs, but the RMS values are updated every half-cycle in accordance with IEC Std 61000-4-30. Using RMS inputs which are updated every half-cycle is shown to offer an increase in performance such that satisfactory results are obtained for fluctuation frequencies up to 22 Hz. This improvement is demonstrated using analytical, simulated, and field measurements results.

Daniel Geiger, Auburn University; Maria Arechavaleta, Auburn University; Mark Halpin*, Auburn University

265

Stand Alone Photovoltaic System with Integrated On-line UPS to Smooth Output Fluctuations

Photovoltaic (PV) systems have large output fluctuations due to various reasons such as weather condition, day time or even cell shading. Hence, in any standalone PV system, a suitable interface is required to reduce such variations or provide power during the night. A conventional on-line Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is capable of providing this service. In most on-line UPS systems, the batteries are charged during normal operation from the grid and discharged during emergency situations or at night. In this paper a PV system with integrated three-phase on-line UPS is proposed. For safety issues, many battery chargers are required to have electrical isolation, hence a novel isolated structure for the battery charger is presented. Here, the PV cells, energy storage device, and critical load have total galvanic isolation from one another. A suitable dual feedback control strategy is developed for the inverter to reduce load voltage fluctuations. Isolation would increase UPS flexibility and ensures required safety issues. The basic principles of the developed system and control algorithms have been discussed in detail. UPS performance is confirmed using some simulation in MATLAB/Simulink software.

Teymoor Ghanbari, Shiraz University; Mohammad Azma*, Shiraz University; Nima Tashakor, University; Ehsan Bagheri, University; Ebrahim Farjah, University

266

Take deLIGHT in Colours. Analysis of painted artworks’ colour appearance under various museum settings.

Abstract— Planning a suitable lighting and setting arrangements of exhibitions is extremely important for the real appreciations of museums’ and art shows’ visitors. The light sources’ features as well as the design of museum spaces, have a huge impact on people’s visual perception of artworks and, in particular, their colours. This project aims to analyse the parameters affecting people’s perception of paintings and their preferences about museums’ settings. It was possible, through surveys conducted in the laboratory and in real museum scenes, to establish how people’s preference about artworks’ lighting varies and which factors mostly affect it.

Francesca Feltrin*, Università di Pisa; Francesco Leccese, University of Pisa; Kevin Smet, Light & Lighting Laboratory, Catholic University Leuven, College Gent

267

An Experimental Procedure for Establishing the Optimal Sintering Temperature of New Metal Oxide Varistors

Protection of any sensitive electric equipment against any type of overvoltage (including lightning applied on power networks) is a big challenge for power electronics. The most advanced and reliable devices used in order to perform this operation are metal oxide varistor based surge-arresters. These varistors are made of a mixture of different metal oxide, where the main ingredient (more than 80-90% as mass concentration) is ZnO. The real improvements of these devices could be performed only in reference with their manufacturing process, by introducing different additives, with particular influences on the electrical behavior of the semi-conductor material, especially on their non-linear relation between voltage applied and current response and on their heat absorption capability. There is no physical or analytical model in order to assess the influence of dopants (additives) on the main electrical characteristics. This is an empirical process which will lead to the development of new semiconductor materials. This article will explain the influence of the sintering temperature on the electrical properties of two varsitor materials, with 2 and 5 additives.

Bogdan FILIP, POLITEHNICA University of Timisoara; Flaviu FRIGURA-ILIASA*, POLITEHNICA University of Timi; Doru Vatau, POLITEHNICA University of Timisoara; Mihaela FRIGURA-ILIASA, POLITEHNICA University of Timisoara; Petru Andea, POLITEHNICA University of Timisoara; Florin Balcu, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condens

269

Implementation of Solar PV - Battery Storage using DVR for Power Quality Improvement

Now day’s power consumption is more due to high invention and more number of nonlinear loads, which required necessary power. Non-linear load affecting the quality of power transmitted in the line and this load creates harmonic currents in the system. These harmonic currents in turn create system resonance, capacitor overloading, decrease in efficiency, voltage magnitude changes. Power quality has become an increasing concern to utilities and customers. The power transmitted in a line is needed to be of high quality. The extension of grid in rural areas is cost expensive. For economic reasons, in this paper mainly focus on the integration of solar PV with battery storage system to meet the necessary power and also invented dynamic voltage restore (DVR) for conditioning the electrical power. The performance of solar PV with DVR simulated under dynamic conditions of the load using MATLAB-SIMULINK software

RAVI DHARAVATH*, VIT UNIVERSITY

270

A Review of Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Composites Filled with AlN or BN

A new possibility to improve thermal properties and lifetime of electrical machines is adding some micro- or nano- particles to the epoxy resin and improve the heat dissipation of the machine. This will reduce the temperature in a stator winding. The paper reviews actual work in the field of epoxy materials enriched with aluminum nitride (AlN) or boron nitride (BN). Properties of the particles are described, same as preparation process and influence of usage of coupling agents that creates a bond between particles and epoxy. Brief introduction to the thermal aging of insulation is presented same as influence of the temperature reduction on lifetime of the winding insulation. Further suggestions for improvements and trends are established in discussion.

Josef Samek*, Brno University of Technology; Cestmir Ondrusek, Brno University of Technology; Jiri Kurfuerst, Brno University of Technology

272

Thermal Load Management Experimental Investigation of Voltage Variation Effect on Loads Behavior

Load power demand management is interesting for both end users and Distributed System Operators (DSOs). Electric power principle for linear loads gives less power consumption with lower supply voltage. However development in power electronics has changed the load behavior significantly. This article provides experimental investigation and analysis on technologic electrical thermal loads with the purpose of understanding the electrical behavior of these loads from power and energy point of view by voltage variation. Dynamic Voltage Conditioner (DVC) has been used in order to provide different voltage levels at load terminals. The study will analyze the voltage variation effects on load active power, reactive power and energy consumption behavior.

Hossein Hafezi*, Politecnico Di Milano; Roberto Faranda, Politecnico Di Milano; Zeinab shafizadeh, ; Alfio Fontana, Gruppo Carrefour Italia

274

Multi-objective Control of Central Air Conditioning System

A real time central air condition indoor system control is proposed to save energy and maintain the indoor temperature. A linear regression is used to build the power consumption model, and the temperature model is build using Neural Network algorithm. The Multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is used to calculate the setting values: fan operation rate and chilled water supply temperature setting, weights are added to the objective functions. By adjusting the weights one can change the output results. This made the optimization system very flexible and can handle different environment and different seasons. And can save energy and maintain indoor environment temperature at the same time.

Leehter Yao*, National Taipei U. of Tech.; Kebba Jaiteh, National Taipei University of Technology

276

The Experimental Assessment of a New Material for Metal Oxide Varistors

Metal Oxide based Varistors are basically ceramics, acting as n – semiconductors, having a poly-crystalline and dense structure. The main application of these power electronic devices is for construction of overvoltage protection equipment (for every voltage level), because of some advantages like: an increased level of non-linearity between the current and the voltage characteristic, a high energy adsorption capacity and an excellent good response time, which make them ideal for protecting other sensible electronic devices and circuits, as well as large segments of power lines. This paper presents a new material and some manufacturing technology aspects for a Metal Oxide Varistor based on a new mixture of oxides used in order to obtain a new ceramic with higher non-linear electric properties. The two oxides involved are Cr2O3 and MnO2 as dopants or additives. All measurements of the electrical performances will be carried out in relation with existing 5 dopants material.

Nicolae Tafulea, POLITEHNICA University of Timisoara; Flaviu FRIGURA-ILIASA*, POLITEHNICA University of Timi; Doru Vatau, POLITEHNICA University of Timisoara; Mihaela FRIGURA-ILIASA, POLITEHNICA University of Timisoara; Petru Andea, POLITEHNICA University of Timisoara; Florin Balcu, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condens

277

Contribution to EMC Modeling of DC-DC Converters

This paper presents improvements in EMC modeling of DC‐DC converters. The converter will be modeled analytically by two harmonic sources and three impedances. This sources and impedances are characterized by its simplified expressions. Thus, the understanding of EMC aspect of converters becomes easy. These expressions indicate also that the developed model is parametric; its identification is based on the identification of its parameters. The developed model is applied on a buck converter and validated by the PSpice simulations and an experimental measurement.

Bouzid Karouche*, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique; Mohamed BENSETTI, centralesupelec; Abd Elhalim ZAOUI, ECOLE MILITAIRE POLYTECHNIQUE

279

Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources Based on Advanced Multi-Level Inverter

This paper introduces an advanced application for the T-type five-level inverter (T5). The T5 will be used in this work to inject power generated from renewable energy sources (RESs) to the utility grid. An enhanced space vector PWM (SVPWM) algorithm is used as the modulation technique of this inverter. A closed loop power control is used to deliver the required reference voltages for SVPWM algorithm in order to control the inverter power flow at AC side. The T5 and its control system are demonstrated, analyzed and discussed with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies to evaluate the inverter output power. The results show that the proposed inverter has a significant improvement in the quality of the injected power to the grid which will make it a good candidate for the grid interconnection applications.

Mamadou Beye, esiee amiens; MOATAZ ELSIED*, Esiee amiens; augustin Mpanda, Eisee amiens; charles onambele, MIS-UPJV

280

Forward Error Correction based Encoding Technique for Crosslayer Multi Channel MAC

The advancements in the home area networks require advanced wireless data transmission for continuous monitoring and taking control decisions to strengthen the smart grid technologies. The wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using Zigbee, WiFi operating in 2.4GHz frequency band play an important role in the data transmission. Because of coexistence in the same frequency band, there is a need for research to develop a mechanism for avoiding interference and proper encoding for precise data retrieval. In our previous work, we have proposed a cross-layer multi-channel MAC (CMCMAC) protocol for WSNs for estimation and avoiding interference. In this paper we propose, Forward Error Correction (CMCMAC-FEC) encoding technique for improving the performance of CMCMAC in order to reliably enhance transmission of the data by ZigBee nodes to the specified destination under the WiFi environment. In this paper, the CMCMAC-FEC model estimates the corrupted Zigbee packets and recovers the corrupted data packets at the destination thus maximizing the packet delivery ratio and throughput.

Vikram K*, VIT University Vellore; Sarat Kumar Sahoo, VIT University Vellore; K V L Narayana, VIT University Vellore

281

Optimal PV Electrical energy storage in office building’s communal space lighting

Abstract - Due the advances in photovoltaic material research and solar panel price reduction over last years, the usage of this alternative energy source in northern countries seems more attractive. Usage of energy storage devices can help use the solar power more efficiently and smarter. This paper deals with the optimization of proposed solar panel array of renovated office building’s communal lighting in Riga, using storage devices and demand side management of the produced power.

Karlis Zalitis*, Riga Technical university; Kristina Berzina, Riga Technical university

282

Evaluation of NB-PLC in Railway Environments

In recent years, service and commercial facilities, like large depots, warehouse and railway environment, have been interested by a deep re-design and structural update of the existent electrical apparatus, with the purpose to make them much more energetically efficient and, in general, to reduce the costs associated to their installation, maintenance and operation. In this context, the reduction or the complete elimination of the wire infrastructure allows a significant reduction of the costs for materials, installation and maintenance. Therefore, Power-Line-Communication (PLC) appears the most viable solution for the purpose, when wireless communication cannot be employed in harsh environments, since it exploits the existent cables for power delivery with small additional costs, essentially for interface and modem circuitries. In order to cover long distances (greater than 1 km) and avoid a large number of extenders and repeaters, Narrow-Band PLC (NB-PLC), initially developed for remote metering and smart grids, appears an interesting solution when higher bit-rates of the broad-band counterpart is not mandatory. With the purpose to investigate the use of NB-PLC in the contexts previously depicted, in this paper we present the results of an evaluation test in which a NB-PLC system, based on PRIME and G3 protocols, is used on an a.c. single phase power-line that delivers energy to the light signals in a railway environment. The context is very representative, since the lights in a terminal station and, hence, their controlling signals must obey to severe security standards and operate in a very harsh environment, populated from many electromagnetic interferences of several typologies, power sources and drain nodes.

Gian Domenico Licciardo*, University of Salerno; Luigi Di Benedetto, University of Salerno; Alfredo Rubino, University of Salerno; Emilio Lanzotti, Ansaldo STS; Eduardo Piccirilli, Ansaldo STS

283

Modelling 2×25 kV – 50 Hz traction systems for power frequency studies

The paper shows the typical architecture of a 2×25 kV – 50 Hz traction system, and the details that need to be considered for power frequency studies. Power frequency models are important to allow simulations of long timespans, such as those needed when evaluation of trains acceleration/braking, for instance to analyse active and reactive power flows, voltages and currents. The proposed models are implemented in two ways: as data to be inputted to the well-known ATP Program, and as models written in the standard Modelica language. The latter can be used for simulations using any of the available Modelica-capable simulation tools; moreover, the power of Modelica allows flexibility, expandability, scalability. A comparison between the two tools is proposed.

Alfonso Capasso, University of Rome; Regina Lamedica, Sapienza University of Rome; Alessandro Ruvio, Sapienza University of Rome; Giovanni Aloisio, University of Rome; Massimo Ceraolo, University of Pisa; Giovanni Lutzemberger*, University of Pisa; Luca Sani, University of Pisa

284

Application of Acceleration Method for Evaluation of Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristics

This paper deals with practical application of acceleration method for evaluation of induction machine torque-speed characteristics. Influence of measuring time on shape of evaluated speed-torque characteristics is presented from the measurement results. One of the aims of the paper is also calculation and measurement of mechanical losses from deceleration test. Method for determination of distribution friction and windage mechanical losses from measurement is also described. The measurement results of influence of cooling fan on total mechanical losses are presented.

Marek Toman*, Brno University of Technology; Pavel Vorel, BUT; Radoslav Cipin, Brno University of Technology; Martin Mach, Brno University of Technology

285

On the choice of wavelet based features in power quality disturbances classification

In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of some wavelet based features for power quality (PQ) disturbances classification, and check the difference in their efficiency when they are used in combinations, in order to perform optimal wavelet based feature extraction method. The investigation was made using three well known classification techniques, which are support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF). It is shown that the effectiveness of a given feature is not general, but it depends on the type of other features it is used with and the kind of the applied classification method.

Marija Markovska*, Faculty of electrical engineering and information technologies, Skopje; Dimitar Taskovski, Faculty of electrical engineering and information technologies Ss Cyril and Meth

286

Assessment of N-1 Criteria Using Energy Storage

The goal of the Transmission System Operator is to operate its power system in a reliable manner, incurring the lowest possible value of Loss of Load Probability. This paper examines generalized cases in which an energy storage system (ESS) could be added to the power grid in order to increase security of the system. Besides providing theoretical results, the paper presents a case study based on a part of the Croatian power system, specifically power lines connecting multiple islands in northern Adriatic sea. Simulations are conducted using Power Transmission System Planning Software (PSS).

Zora Luburić*, FER, Zagreb; Hrvoje Pandzic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Croatia; Tomislav Plavsic, Croatian TSO, HOPS; Ljupko Teklic, Croatian TSO, HOPS; vladimir Valentic, Croatian TSO, HOPS

287

DC-BUS voltage ripple minimization of distributed DC-DC converters based on phase shifting theory

In this paper, an advanced method is presented for synchronizing PWM signals of distributed DC-DC converters that are used to integrate renewable sources to the Microgrid’s DC-BUS. One converter will be chosen by microgrid energy management center (MGEMC) to work as a master converter in order to regulate the carrier frequency of the DC-BUS. The other converters, slave converters, will extract the carrier frequency components form the DC-BUS’s ripple and then adjust their local frequency to the same frequency. In addition, a novel phase shift control algorithm (PSCA) is proposed for the synchronized PWM carriers in order to minimize DC-BUS voltage and current ripple contents. The proposed methods are tested based on MATLAB/Simulink using three different power sources. The simulation results show that voltage ripple of the DC-BUS is significantly decreased based on the proposed control methods.

Tarek Youssef, FIU; MOATAZ ELSIED*, Esiee amiens; amrane Oukaour, caen university; hamid gualous, caen university; osama Mohamed, FIU

288

Impact of Manufacturing Proces on Optimal Shape of Induction Machine Slots

This article deals with optimization of slots of an induction machine with a genetic algorithm. The considered machine is a small induction machine with output power of 600 W. Properties of sheets of the considered machine could be strongly influenced by cutting because of their small size. The main aim of this article is to show how optimal shape of slots (in terms of efficiency) is influenced by manufacturing process. To study this, three finite elements models of the machine are used for computing within genetic algorithm run. First one is simple model without any consideration of manufacturing process. The second model is shaped exactly according to drawings from manufacturer (the real shape is not circular) and there are also rivets in stator modeled in this model. The third model additionally contains areas with different material properties along cutting edges which simulate impact of cutting on materials properties.

Martin Mach*, Brno University of Technology; Vitezslav Hajek, ; Radoslav Cipin, Brno University of Technology; Marek Toman, Brno University of Technology

289

An Instrumental Contribution to Include the Impact of PV on Capacity Adequacy in Long-Term Energy Models

Long-term energy system models can be used to plan the expansion of generation capacity within a holistic view of the energy system. Some of them are based on linear optimization problems that make use of heuristics to reduce the calculation burden. Nonetheless, most of the existing frameworks lack of heuristics describing the impact of solar photovoltaic (PV) penetration on capacity adequacy. Within this work we propose an important step to include such feature into linear long-term energy systems models like OSeMOSYS or MarkAl/TIMES. We make the most out of a prior study, which is needed, that has to deal with the impact of PV penetration on the area under focus. For the considerd case study, the (i) peak reduction, the (ii) increase of ramps rates and the (iii) increase of excess energy are not linear with PV penetration. We define the best piecewise linear functions that linearize these dynamics, by fixing an acceptable error and choosing the ones with the lowest number of segments. The resulting equations have only 2-5 segments if the dynamics due to PV penetration are considered individually. However, when the dynamics are to be considered together, the number of segments increases up to 8. We will propose some approaches to include such equations into models like OSeMOSYS

Fabrizio Fattori*, University of Pavia; Norma Anglani, University of Pavia

291

The Regulation Posibility of Energy-Intensive Enterprises According to the Market Price Change

The development of technology and renewable energy sources make it possible to manage the load in a real time frame. Many Directives have been adopted in the European Union to support the industrial sector and its competitiveness in the market. For increasing the efficiency of industrial enterprises, various procedures have been implemented, for example, energy audits — calculation of effective use of energy. The contribution of our paper is to create a model of effective load regulation considering the changes in the market price. Effective distribution of the production process is possible if considering the market price; since the price on the market is formed for 24 hours ahead, the need in forecasting is obvious. The task is formed as a multicriterial load distribution function.

Renata Varfolomejeva*, Riga Technical University; Inga Iljina, Ministry of Economics of the Republic of Latvia

292

Optimal reactive power dispatch problem solved by an Improved colliding bodies optimization algorithm

This paper proposes an improved colliding bodies optimization algorithm. In large scale power system, the OPRD problem is huge constrained and large range of non-linear and non-convex global optimization problems with a mixture of continuous and discrete control variables. The ORPD problem is formulated by reactive power supply components like generator output voltages, regulating transformers and VAR compensator devices. In order to get the optimal values of control variables, a robust optimization algorithm have been tested for ORPD problem. The objectives of ORPD problems are minimize the real power loss in transmission lines, reduce the congestion in transmission lines, maintaining the voltage magnitude in all the buses with stability, security, reliability and economy of power system operation by satisfying the equality and inequality constraints. This algorithm was well-established on single-dimensional collisions between bodies and the solution being evaluate an object or body with mass. Afterwards the collision of moving bodies with titled masses and velocities, these bodies were distinct with new velocities. This collision response the operators to act almost fine point in the search area. The optimization of the colliding bodies forward simple formations to catch minimum or maximum of functions. The algorithm was tested on standard IEEE - 57 bus system and the results are correlated with lately matured algorithms like CSA, PSO and GSA algorithms.

Anbarasan Palappan*, VIT University; Jayabarathi T, VIT University

293

Design of power cable trays for magnetic field attenuation

In this paper the design of shielded cable trays for Extremely Low Frequency magnetic fields generated by power cables is analyzed. 2D and 3D numerical simulations are employed for the estimation of shielding performance and for the evaluation of local leakage fluxes in the cable tray joints. The influence of cable sequences and unbalance on the shield performance is investigated. Shields made of different materials, conductive and ferromagnetic, are simulated and experimentally testes.

Aldo Canova*, Politecnico di torino; luca giaccone, Politecnico di Torino

296

Experimental Validation of the BAC Factor Method for Lighting Systems

In the last few years, many buildings have been equipped with Building Automation and Control (BAC) systems. BAC systems can be used to achieve a significant reduction of the electrical consumption and to have all the well acknowledged benefits from the daylight (e.g. occupant comfort, health, well-being and productivity). For this reason, Standard EN 15232 “Energy performance of buildings - Impact of Building Automation, Controls and Building Management” puts into evidence the importance of the presence of BAC and Technical Building Management (TBM) systems, suggests a classification of these systems, explains their main functionalities and presents a simplified method to estimate their impact on the energy consumption of the building. The aim of this paper is to validate this simplified BAC factor method using the results of an experimental measurements campaign. In the paper the BAC factors are evaluated for a residential and an office environment, using a big set of data measured for 6 months every 5 minutes at the laboratory of the DEIM (University of Palermo), where a BACs for lighting control is installed. The project has been funded by Italian Minister of University and Research in the framework of the PON Smart Cities Smart Cities and Communities and Social Innovation "I-Next".

Gaetano Zizzo*, Universit? degli Studi di Palermo; Mariano Ippolito, DEIM - Università di Palermo; Marina Bonomolo, DEIM - Università di Palermo; Marco Beccali, DEIM - Università di Palermo; Valerio Lo Brano, University of Palermo

297

Study of Thermomagnetic Energy Conversion driven by Renewable Energy

Magnetic heating, refrigeration and energy conversion have been defined very important challenges for promising environmentally future choices. Recent studies are focused attention on new thermomagnetic systems, devices working through thermomagnetic effect, driven by renewable energies. The aim of this work is a case study presentation of new thermomagnetic energy prototype coupled with renewable technologies or industrial waste heat. The paper is divided into four sections: the first gives a general state of art about magneto-caloric energy conversion systems, the second describes all general thermodynamics and magnetics laws governing the process, the third and fourth sections study in more detail the case study presented.

Alessia Viola*, Federal University of San Pulo; Sergio Gama, University Federal of São Paulo; Marco Trapanese, University of Palermo

298

Exploring crowdsourcing information to predict traffic-related impacts

The increasing road transport volumes in urban areas are the primary source of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The conditions are usually worst in places that generate and attract many trips. High quality real-time traffic data is necessary to maintain the effectiveness and reliability of traffic management services, although traditional data collection systems are usually considered costly and lengthy and limited to specific areas of interest. In the last few years, plenty of new applications are using crowdsourcing to give users real-time information through graphs or photos about the traffic of specific locations (e.g. Google Maps). This sort of information could be especially useful as an alternative source of predicting traffic related impacts in cities or areas where FCD penetration rates are insufficient or traffic-monitoring stations are limited. The aim of this paper is to explore an alternative source of data by examining if there is any correlation between the information provided from applications like Google Maps regarding the popular times of specific areas and the amount of emissions that are produced during those periods. In this paper two main road connections to important commercial areas are evaluated. Emissions estimation was based on the concept of Vehicle Specific Power. For the collection of the data, we used a video camera that was located close to four roundabouts (two in each zone) for monitoring the network traffic during the study period. Driving patterns over different periods were collected used a probe vehicle equipped with a GNSS data logger. In a first step, traffic demand has been compared with real time occupation levels provided by crowdsourcing info on the commercial areas. Then correlation models were defined between a number of environmental variables and relative reported occupation rates. The developed models could be incorporated in advanced traffic management systems, eco-routing algorithms and digital maps.

Pavlos Tafidis*, University of Aveiro; João Texeira, University of Aveiro; Behnam Bahmankhah, University of Aveiro; Margarida Coelho, University of Aveiro; Jorge Bandeira, University of Aveiro

299

Numerical Simulation of Wave Energy Production through Experimental Tool

Wave energy is highly desirable resource and recent international reports underline its major relevance on global renewable energy in future. In general, the first step is a correct WEC (Wave Energy Converter) sizing and design. The aim of this paper is a presentation of an application of one experimental tool to define the external floating structure of WEC realized by University of Palermo. This new electric device could be another energy possibility for small islands in the Mediterranean Sea as Pantelleria, Lmapedusa or Malta.

Alessia Viola*, Federal University of San Pulo; Domenico Curto, University of Palermo; Vincenzo Franzitta, University of Palermo; Marco Trapanese, University of Palermo

300

PSO based Collision-free Multichannel Superframe Scheduling for Zigbee Networks

The WSN for SG mostly employees Zigbee communication that is developed by Zigbee alliance and defined by IEEE with specification 802.15.4 is most suitable for low data rate, low cost, low duty cycle, and short range applications. In Zigbee wireless networks, the channel switching process may cause the significant amount of delay. Also, the data transmission should be performed without any collision. Hence in this paper, we propose to design the Particle swarm optimization (PSO) based collision-free multichannel superframe scheduling for Zigbee wireless networks. We also use Pseudo random order generator (PROG) that informs a Zigbee node about the channels with the less interference possibility for transferring information. In this system, after selecting the succeeding channel, the Zigbee node waits for a network reconfiguration period so that neighboring nodes can change to the new channel. In order to transmit the data without any collision, we use a collision-free multichannel super frame scheduling problem using PSO technique. The channel with best energy function is selected for data transmission. By simulation results, we show that the proposed technique minimizes the data collisions and delay.

Vikram K*, VIT University Vellore; Sarat Kumar Sahoo, VIT University Vellore; K V L Narayana, VIT University Vellore

301

Smart district energy optimization of flexible energy units for the integration of local energy storage

Several changes are involving electrical power systems, especially distribution networks, so that the figures in charge of managing and operating reliably these grids are facing many technical issues regarding demand and supply balancing, Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) integration, peak load shaving, etc. In this context, many initiatives and projects focused on creating tailored products able to provide services to the Distribution System Operators (DSOs) by exploiting demand and/or supply flexibility of energy prosumers and, above all, by implementing ICT frameworks able to smarten up an energy system from various point of view, such as energy management, optimization, and communication. This study reports the development of a centralized energy management solution for smart grids equipped with local storage devices, RES, consumers and other energy facilities in a district context. The proposed EDEMS is able to provide the DSO with two different network services, peak load shaving and PV power smoothing, while optimizes different economical and technical aspects of the Block of Energy Units (BoEUs) which it consists of. The district Energy Management System (EMS) relies upon a multi-objective optimization implemented by means of a genetic algorithm, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II. This optimization, based on both technical and economic criteria, aims at following a power profile sent by DSO to the EDEMS exploiting the flexibility provided by every BoEU which, in turn, is managed by its own EMS. Moreover, a comprehensive simulation model of the system is develop in order to simulate the district operations and to prove the effectiveness of the proposed optimization as well as the feasibility of the management criteria.

Giuseppe Paternò*, Engineering Ingegneria Informatica S.p.A.; Diego Arnone, Engineering Ingegneria Informatica S.p.A.; Vincenzo Croce, Engineering Ingegneria Informatica S.p.A.; Eleonora Riva Sanseverino, DEIM University of Palermo; Antonello Monti, RWTH Aachen

302

Novel nanocomposite clay brick for strain sensing in structural masonry

The monitoring of civil engineering structures is critical in ensuring users’ safety. Structural health monitoring (SHM) is the automation of the monitoring task. It is typically used to identify incipient damages through a spatio-temporal comparison in structural behaviors. Traditional sensors exhibit mechanical characteristics that are usually very different from those of the structures they monitor, which is a factor limiting their durability. Ideally, the material of a sensor would share the same mechanical characteristics as the material onto or into which it is installed. A solution is to fabricate multifunctional materials, capable of serving both structural and sensing functions, also known as smart materials. Recent developments in nanotechnologies have given us various engineered nanoparticles with enhanced mechanical and electrical capabilities. Among them, conductive piezoresistive nanopowders, such as carbon-based ones, showed promise for developing smart materials. The nanofillers, spread into a structural matrix, can provide self-sensing capabilities to the material. Such materials can then be used to detect variations in its external stresses or strains by detecting variations in its electrical characteristics, such as electrical resistivity or conductivity. This paper presents a smart clay brick for strain sensing in masonry structures. The optimal fabrication process in terms of stability of the nanoparticles at high temperature and the electrical and electromechanical properties of the smart brick are investigated. Results show a clear strain sensitivity of the brick sensors subjected to external loads and show their promise for SHM applications.

Filippo Ubertini, University of Perugia; Antonella D'Alessandro*, University of Perugia; Annibale Materazzi, University of Perugia; Simon Laflamme, Iowa State University; Austin Downey, Iowa State University

305

Measurement Based Methodology for the Extraction of Lighting User Preferences in Working Environments

This paper proposes a methodology that aims to extract user preferences with respect to lighting conditions in a working environment, based only on illumination and occupancy measurements. To this purpose, measurements have been conducted in order to indicate the differences between users regarding their lighting preferences, but also to extract information about the variation in a user’s lighting preferences in relation to the time of the day and the season. The results derived indicate that subjective criteria, related to personal preferences, differentiate behavior patterns for users with similar objective characteristics. Therefore, the necessity of a user-oriented algorithm, that identifies and concurrently fulfills the respective user lighting preferences and subsequently optimizes the energy efficiency in a working environment, is denoted.

Varvara Katsanou*, Aristotle University ; Aggelos Bouhouras, Aristotle Unicersity of Thessaloniki; Dimitrios Labridis, Aristotle Unicersity of Thessaloniki

306

On the Effects of BAC Systems and Load Control Programs on the Utility Grid

The increasing demand for electricity for achieving comfort in residential buildings is stressing urban electrical MV and LV networks. In these conditions, the Distribution System Operators (DSOs) are exposed to the risk of reliability decay and there is, earlier than expected, the issue of new and substantial investments for enhancing the network infrastructure. Nevertheless, DSOs have a very strong inclination to defer investment in new facilities as much as possible, in favour of more "flexible measures” able to prolong the life of the existing components. Solutions of this type are primarily based on demand management, i.e. activities aimed at encouraging the end-users to a different electricity utilization. The use of such methods for demand management have a very large number of benefits for the distribution system, for example, they may slow the growth rate of annual peak load, reduce the energy demand on the system, reduce system losses, reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and, as said, defer investments for strengthening the distribution network. The purpose of this paper is to assess the effects on the electrical distribution system of the application of load control programs and BAC systems in residential buildings, by means of computer simulations. The paper considers the application of some different load control logics also in presence of distributed PV generators.

Gaetano Zizzo*, Universit? degli Studi di Palermo; Mariano Ippolito, DEIM - Università di Palermo; Salvatore Favuzza, DEIM University of Palermo; Fabio Massaro, DEIM University of Palermo

307

A discrete-time MRAC-SM applied to grid connected converters with LCL-filter

This paper presents a robust adaptive structure through the MRAC (Model Reference Adaptive Control) and the SM (Sliding Mode) action, titled MRAC-SM. The performance of the proposed controller is applied to a grid connected converter with LCL filter. Simulation results are presented to show the advantages of the proposed controller in a grid connected system.

Rodrigo Tambara*, UFSM; Lucas Scherer, UFSM; Hilton Gründling, UFSM

309

Controller Design and Experimental Validation of a Power Charging Station for E-Bike Clever Mobility

In this paper a suitable digital controller of a RIPT system, of a power charging station for e-bike clever mobility, is proposed and experimentally validated. Specifically, it is provided a detailed mathematical continuous-time nonlinear model of the system composed of an oscillator transformer, a bridge with characteristics of the ideal and real diodes, a filter and a battery, valid for any behavior of the supply voltage. Then, it is provided a suitable discrete-time model of the continuous model to design a digital controller. Finally, it is proposed and experimentally validated a robust discrete-time controller, which allows to charge the battery with a fixed behavior of the current.

Laura Celentano, University of Naples Federico II; Luigi Rubino*, University of Campania L. Vanv; Diego Iannuzzi, University of Naples Federico II

311

Optimal Design and Analysis of Anti-Resonance C-Type High-Pass Filters

Harmonic distortion is a matter of interest in all sectors of power system networks with their different voltage levels, particularly with the spread of harmonic-source non-linear loads among all industrial, commercial, and domestic applications. One of the most important adverse effects of the harmonic distortion is the harmonic resonance, which may significantly amplify the harmonic voltages and currents. Thus, nowadays, the trend towards designing of new resonance-free schemes that can damp resonance and mitigate harmonics is rapidly growing. In this paper, optimal design and analysis of anti-resonance C-type passive filters are introduced taking into account the recent harmonic resonance quantification indices as the harmonic amplification ratios and the summed harmonic impedance-frequency index. An optimal design of the proposed filter is presented based on minimization of a weighted driving point impedance (WDPI) index using particle swarm optimization. The results reveal the domination of the resonance damping capabilities of the C-type filters under both normal and worst operating conditions compared to the resonance-free third-order passive filters.

Shady Abdel Aleem*, 15th of May Higher Institute ; Ahmed Lamlom, Cairo University; Murat Balci, Balikesir University; Ahmed Ibrahim, Cairo University

316

Design and Evaluation of a kW-Class SMES-BES DVR System for Mitigation of Power Quality Disturbances

A dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) integrated with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and battery energy storage (BES) systems is proposed and its performance is evaluated in this study. Detailed model is built and verified in PSCAD/EMTDC. The dynamic performance evaluations of the SMES-BES-based DVR applied in power quality improvements are presented. Simulation results show that the SMES-BES-based DVR has good dynamic response under different kinds of voltage sag, voltage swell and various voltage harmonics. Relationships obtained from different voltage sag depths and sag phase angle are explored to suit various practical sensitive load protections with the SMES-BES-based DVR.

Zixuan Zheng*, Sichuan University; Xianyong Xiao, ; Chun-Jun Huang, Sichuan University; Changsong Li,

317

The influence of pyrolysis temperature on the chemical composition and the energy properties of char from tetrapak

The chemical composition of char obtained from tetrapak cardboard was monitored in dependence on pyrolysis temperature ranging from 400 to 700 °C together with its influence on energy parameters (calorific value). The highest calorific value 27 – 28 MJ/kg was determined for char obtained at a temperature of 400 °C, which is caused by the highest content of hydrocarbons (alkanes and alkines) and the lowest content of undifferentiated organic matter. The highest homogeneity of chemical composition of char was found for the temperature of 600 °C.

Jana Růžičková, ; Marek Kucbel *, ENET VSB-TU Ostrava; Petr Pavlik, ; Helena Raclavská, ENET VSB-TUO; Hana Škrobánková, ; Konstantin Raclavský, ; Barbora Švédová, ; Veronika Sassmanová, ; Dagmar Juchelková,

319

Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Depositon Technology for Advanced Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

The significant progress in photovoltaic conversion of solar energy can be achieved by new technological approaches that will improve the efficiency of solar cells and make them appropriate for the mass production. A new technological approach for the growth of III-V compounds on Si substrate using low temperatures plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) is proposed in the paper. This technique, which consists of alternatively changing the phosphorus and gallium atom source flows providing the growth of one monolayer by cycle, was realized for growth of GaP films on Si substrates using standard PECVD setup. First n-GaP/p-Si heterojunction solar cell structures with promising parameters were fabricated by PE-ALD.

Alexander Gudovskikh*, St. Petersburg Academic Univer; Alexander Uvarov, St. Petersburg Academic University; Ivan Morozov, St. Petersburg Academic University; Artem Baranov, St. Petersburg Academic University; Dmitry Kudryashov, St. Petersburg Academic University

320

The efficiency of the RES installations in typical household - a case study

The renewable energy systems installed by private household owner were examined. The paper presents the configurations of considered systems as well as the evaluation of their exploitation efficiency. The main obstacles for development of renewable energy systems in Poland were considered.

Romuald Masnicki*, Gdynia Maritime University; Janusz Mindykowski, Gdynia Maritime University

321

Cost Evaluation of Current Uprating of Overhead Transmission Lines Using ACSR and HTLS Conductors

This work presents cost evaluation of current uprating of overhead transmission lines by using Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) and High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) conductors. The evaluation method is carried out based on twofold and fourfold ampacities, under both normal and stressed operating conditions. The test case is a 230-kV, double-circuit, transmission line using 1272 MCM ACSR conductors. The candidate conductors are five types of HTLS conductors with comparable size. The cost components under consideration are demolition cost, construction and installation costs, conductor cost, cost of energy losses, and land cost. Upon evaluation of the total costs, the selection criteria of proper conductor are proposed.

Somboon Nuchprayoon*, Chiang Mai University

324

Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of an Electric Naval Propulsion System based on a Multiphase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

The main objective of this paper is the design of an emulator for electric naval propulsion system based on a multiphase machine. First, the modeling of all electric ship components including mechanical and electrical elements is reviewed, and the total hull resistance forces are developed. Then, an emulator of the electric naval propulsion system, based on the Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) principle, is used to emulate the effect of propeller resistive torque on the propulsion motor. After that, an optimal control strategy for control of propulsion motor. Next, evaluation of strategy performances are examined on a real mission cycle. Finally, the results of the simulation and experimentation show the accuracy of the developed model and the effectiveness of the control strategy.

Kamal NOUNOU*, EMP; Mohamed BENBOUZID, ; jean-frederic Charpentier, ; khoudir marouani , ; Abdelaziz Kheloui,

326

Analytical approach to maximize the torque density with size constraints for PMSM

This paper introduces 120kW class IPMSM(interior permanent magnet synchronous motor) for traction motor. The variable which determines the torque characteristics is the ratio of loading with size and voltage/current constraints. The ratio of loading which generates maximum torque was determined from the analytical approach and was validated with characteristic analysis according to the ratio of loading by 2D FEM(finite element method). Finally, to validate the FEM results, Experiments at a rated speed and a high speed were performed.

KIDOEK LEE*, Korea Electronics Technology I

327

A single panel PV microinverter based on coupled inductor dc-dc

In this paper the hardware realization of a previously proposed coupled inductor based microinverter for PV applications is presented, along with an improved sliding mode control strategy. The circuit has been made by taking care of volume and weight.

Pierluigi Guerriero*, University of Naples Federico II; Santolo Daliento, University of Naples Federico II; marino Coppola, University of Naples Federico II; Davide Lauria, University of Naples Federico II; Pasquale Cennamo, Skytronics s.r.l.

328

Modelling the Medium Term Deregulated Power Market Based on the Cournot Game Theory

The main aim of the decision makers in the deregulate power market is to maximize their profits and reduce their risks. The profit of private companies is affected by several parameters and uncertainty in the deregulated power market. These are including the strategic behaviour of rivals and regulatory interventions. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk and increasing the profits, the private companies as decision makers in the deregulated power market should consider all these parameters in their planning. In this paper, a developed model has been proposed to determine the MCP and profit of each private firm by considering the realities such as the bilateral contracts, carbon tax as well as the rational uncertainty in the deregulated power market. Based on this mathematical model the private companies in the deregulated power market can predict the generation strategies of other investors. The proposed framework has been implemented in the hypothetical deregulated power market using the IEEE reliability test system. Conducted case study has confirmed that this model provides robust decisions and precise information about the deregulated power market.

Mohammad Tolou Askari*, Islamic Azad University

329

Adaptive Sliding mode control scheme for a Wave Power Generation Plant

Due to the nonlinear dynamics and the system uncertainties the efficiency of the wave power conversions systems can be greatly improved using a robust control algorithms. The wave power generation plants are provided with adjustable speed generators, like the double feed induction generator. This adjustable speed generators improve the system efficiency compared to fixed speed generators because the turbine speed can be adjusted as a function of the flow coefficient in order to increase the generated power. In this paper, a sliding mode control for a wave power plant that includes a double feed induction generator is developed. The proposed robust control scheme also includes an adaptive sliding gain so that it is not necessary to calculate the upper bound for the uncertainties of the system. The Lyapunov stability theory is used to analyze the stability of the proposed control scheme under parameter uncertainties and system disturbances. Finally the proposed control scheme is validated by means of some simulation examples using the Matlab/Simulink software.

Oscar Barambones*, University of the Basque Count; Jose Cortajarena, University of the Basque Country; Jose Gonzalez de Durana, University of the Basque Country; Patxi Alkorta, University of the Basque Country; Jose Ramos, University of the Basque Country; Isidro Calvo, University of the Basque Country

330

Hardware-in-Loop Validation of a Dynamic Control Employed for a DC Microgrid Incorporating High Gain DC-DC Power Stages

The increasing importance for integration of low voltage renewable energy generation into microgrid necessitates the employment of high gain converters as power processing stages associated with dynamic control methodologies for their control. Under this scenario, this paper presents a DC microgrid involving solar photovoltaic generation, supercapacitor and battery-based energy storage system (ESS) forming a common DC link which can drive AC/DC loads. A high gain boost power stage is used to couple the low voltage solar photovoltaic generation to the common DC grid whereas high gain bi-directional converter is used to interface the ESS with the common DC grid. The dynamic control of the high gain power stages in order to establish stable grid voltage by facilitating optimal power flow in the DC grid, and SOC protection for the ESS are the prime contributions of this paper. MATLAB/SIMULINK analysis of the presented dynamic control will be performed under different operating scenarios like variations in renewable generation, transient load changes and extreme SOC operation of the ESS. Hardware-in-Loop validation of the proposed control will be carried out using Virtex-7 FPGA kit co-simulated using Xilinx system generator.

Narendra Kumar*, NIT Meghalaya; Ramesh Naidu Bonu, NIT Meghalaya; Gayadhar Panda, NIT Meghalaya

332

Impact of Transmission Line Mutual Inductance on Transmission Loss/Cost Allocation in Deregulated Electricity Market

Addressing transmission loss or cost allocation is an essential issue in the present deregulated electricity market. Independent System Operator (ISO) provides the real power loss from the generators and the associated cost is allocated to the involved parties in a fair way. The generators and loads are involved in the loss/cost allocation process. This paper highlights the effect of mutual inductance (MI) that exists on transmission line in transmission loss/cost allocation process for bilateral contracts. To demonstrate the effect of mutual inductance, the results of two existing loss allocation methods like penalized quoted cost (PQC) based approach and proportional generation and proportional load (PGPL) based approach are taken. Effect of mutual inductance is tested using an IEEE 14 bus system. The simulation results are carried out in MATLAB R2014a. The result shows that mutual inductance has a significant impact on transmission loss and hence cannot be ignored.

Prabhakar Karthikeyan*, VIT University, Tamil Nadu; Shafeeque Ahmed K, VIT University

333

Hardware-in-Loop Validation of a Dynamic Control Employed for Hybrid Fuel Cell-Supercapacitor DC System

The advent of microgrid technology and recent trends in control engineering largely facilitate the inclusion of clean energy into conventional power systems. This paper presents a low voltage DC microgrid comprising of fuel cell generation and supercapacitor storage establishing stable power to the various DC grid loads. Current control methodology is used to control the power electronic interfaces in order to facilitate stable power to the load irrespective of the constrained operating characteristics of the fuel cell and transient load variations whereas grid voltage controller generates the set points for the current controller operation. Proper power sharing, safe operation of the equipment and optimal control of state variables is achieved by employing the current control. A special case of SOC protection of supercapacitor is dealt in this paper. The proposed system along with the controller is tested for different transient R, R-L loads operating in an intermittent mode using MATLAB/SIMULINK modelling. The aftermath of the associated control action is a stabilised grid voltage (48V) with required power flow among microgrid participants in order to suffice the transient power requirements of the grid loads even after respecting the fuel starvation phenomenon of the fuel cell. Real-time evaluation of the proposed control strategy applied to the hybrid dc microgrid is done using ZYNQ ZC702 FPGA evaluation kit interfaced to MATLAB/SIMULINK through Xilinx system generator.

Ramesh Naidu Bonu*, NIT Meghalaya; Gayadhar Panda, NIT Meghalaya; Rangababu Peesapati, NIT Meghalaya

334

Application of S Transform for Detection of External Interferences in Online Transformer Impulse Frequency Response Analysis

Online impulse frequency response analysis is a recently-developed diagnostic method for in service transformer with a promising outlook. This paper aims to detect the impact of external interferences including pulse shaped interferences from switching operations and other phenomena in the power system on the frequency response of the transformer while it is in service. To emulate the dynamic performance characteristics of in service transformer, a new simulation approach using finite element analysis (FEA) and circuit analysis is proposed for modeling the transformer for online IFRA. In this approach, instead of using a linear model/an equivalent circuit with static parameters, 3D finite element model of the transformer is calculated in Maxwell Software and then exported into an external Maxwell Spice circuit to study the terminal behaviors of the transformer for post processing. A modified S transform is then applied to the recorded input and output signals in healthy and faulty conditions to construct the electrical impedance as well as the time-frequency contours of the transient responses. Also, a mechanical deformation is imposed on the transformer to compare its impact on online IFRA to the impact of external interferences propagating inside the transformer from the power grid.

Bahar Mohseni*, Curtin University; Naser Hashemnia, Curtin University; Syed Islam, Curtin University

335

Analysis of Large Scale PV Penetration Impact on IEEE-39 Bus Power System

Renewable energy sources (RES) integration into the traditional electric grid infrastructure is a challenging task due to their intermittent nature as well as the technical and non-technical complexities. This paper presents the impacts of large scale Photovoltaic (PV) penetration into the IEEE-39 bus test system. The modeled PV plants are integrated at suitable locations to study the impacts of penetration using Siemens PSS/E (Power System Simulator for Engineers) software. The maximum PV integration capacity is determined based on the variation in slack bus generation and system stability with gradual increment in penetration levels. Furthermore, the simulations are carried to study the effect of sudden loss of PV plants, three phase fault at solar PV plant connected bus for different PV penetration levels. The simulation results of PV integration reveals that the dynamic response of PV plants aids to meet the peak demands to enhance the reliability of smart electric grids.

AFFIJULLA SHAIK*, NIT Meghalaya, India; Gaurav Bhatt, NIT Meghalaya, India

336

On the vertical illuminance in indoor sport facilities - Innovative measurement procedure to verify international standard requirements in fencing halls

The lighting system in a sport facility is a crucial element for the success of sports activity. In this work, the development of an innovative procedure, for the in situ measurements of vertical illuminance in fencing halls, is described and discussed. The measurement procedure has been obtained from a detailed analysis of the game phases of a fencing competition, considering the assessment of the visual conditions of both opponents. The procedure allows to obtain measurement results that can be compared with the requirements fixed by the technical standards.

Giacomo Salvadori*, UNIVERSITY OF PISA - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING - DEPT OF ENERGY; Francesco Leccese, University of Pisa; Enrico Di Ciolo, "Antonio Di Ciolo" Pisa Fencing Club; Simone Piccini, "Antonio Di Ciolo" Pisa Fencing Club; Martina Di Pede, University of Pisa - DESTeC Department

337

Better energy management by implementing an energy measurement and monitoring plan

Organizations and building managers are able to better control their energy costs and increase their competitiveness by setting up energy performance actions. Existing energy management standards, such as ISO 50001, often refer to the measurement of energy as an important improvement of energy performance, but do not detail how a measurement and monitoring plan should be implemented in practice. The impact of having an efficient measurement system has been demonstrated by different studies, however it remains very difficult in practice to define, measure, record and analyze the data related to energy performance evaluation due to the lack of standard protocols. The article presents the state-of-the-art methodology currently being developed as a new standard with a CEN-CENELEC joint working group, for the industry and building sectors. In this article, we present this approach for an eco-district with renewable energy production and local consumption using a micro-grid.

Marie SWIATEK, Evolution Energie; Fabien Imbault*, EVOLUTION ENERGIE

338

The green blockchain

Energy systems are evolving towards a more decentralized model to include renewable energy sources and energy storage. This is a challenge also for the underlying data management, which needs to be distributed amongst physical assets. A novel approach is based on the blockchain technology, which we illustrate on the use case of green certificates within an eco-district.

Fabien Imbault*, EVOLUTION ENERGIE; Juan PEREZ, Epexspot; Robert PLANA, GE Digital; Rodolphe DE BEAUFORT, GE Energy Connections; Lionel Prat, Evolution Energie; Marie SWIATEK, Evolution Energie

339

External costs estimation in a cost-benefit analysis: the new Formia-Gaeta tourist railway line in Italy

Recently, the Italian government has approved new law for public contract and has been laying the groundwork for restarting a planning phase. The government has adopted the indications given by the European Commission regarding the estimation of external costs of transport for Cost-Benefit Analysis, and has been decreed the “Guidelines for assessment of Investment Projects”. In according with the new Italian law, in this research it has been estimated external costs of transport in a Cost-Benefit Analysis regarding a new tourist railway line. Starting from the estimation of potential demand attracted by the new rail services it has been estimated the benefits due to the external costs reduction. The external costs considered are the variations of: climate change, air pollution, noises, congestion and accident. Estimations results has been proposed in term of Measure Of Effectiveness (MOE) underling a positive Net Present Value equal to about 27 M€, an Internal Rate of Return much greater in the discount rate (9% vs. 3%), a benefit / cost ratio equal to 2 and a PayBack Period of 15 years. The average amount (in monetary value) of external costs saved is about 360 thousand €/year (2016 prices) with a cumulative value for all the life period considered (30 years) equal to 11 M€.

Armando Carteni*, Department of Civil, Construct; Ilaria Henke, University of Naples

340

Energy monitoring prototype using COTS-IoT device for domestic applications in Smart Grid

An energy monitoring prototype using COST-IoT device for variable power consumption is presented. In particular, the design, electrical characterization and real implementation considering the use of a portable universal test equipment (PTE-100-C) are showed. The prototype permits measure and calculate the economic cost and the dynamical consuming profile of each domestic user in order to uses the information for development algorithms related to Smart Grid applications.

Josue Lopez*, CETYS University; Miguel Ponce Camacho, CETYS University; Adriana Valle, CETYS University; Luis Basaca, CETYS University; Juan Terrazas, CETYS University; Ana Luna, Superior Technical Institute of Cajeme; Victor Ramos, State University of Sonora

341

Distinguishing Short Circuit and Normal Operation Currents in DC Urban Light Railway Systems

DC urban light railway systems are used as public transportation systems in many towns worldwide. In these systems, short circuit currents are often similar, both in steady state magnitude and in rate-of-rise, to normal operation currents. In order to properly set the protection relays, to obtain short circuit discrimination and to avoid nuisance trippings, it is important to analyse short circuit and normal operation current patterns. This paper presents the results of measurement campaigns performed for this purpose on the tram network of a city in Northern Italy.

Enrico Pons*, Politecnico di Torino; Pietro Colella, Politecnico di Torino; Roberto Rizzoli, Infra.To; Riccardo Tommasini, Politecnico di Torino

344

Expert System for Selecting of Regions that Requiring Protection Improvement Lightning Against in Distribution Feeders

Lightning cause faults, damage to equipment and malfunctions to electric power systems, compromising the quality, continuity and reliability of the electrical energy supply. Research development is crucial to improve lightning protection procedures, especially for electrical systems located in areas with high ground flash densities. In order to provide a consistent basis for the development of this research, the main fundamentals and principles on atmospheric discharges are presented. These concepts are fundamental to estimate the severity of requesting phenomena in electrical systems due to the occurrence of direct and indirect discharges, and are essential for the decision of the most adequate protection practices to the system under analysis. In this context, this article presents the results of an Expert System developed for selecting the areas of the protection system that need improvement compared to their greater exposure to lightning. To this end, the proposed Expert System is based on crossing the lightning database incident on a distribution feeder and the investigation of complaint against damages and losses for customers of a Brazilian utility in the 3-year period.

Marcel Araujo*, University of São Paulo

345

Multlayer Fuzzy System Applied to Locate Faults in Distribution Systems Using Only Voltage Measurements

Smart grids are a more and more present concept in electrical systems. In the context of smart grids, alike in the present topology of electrical systems, it is necessary to guarantee quality and reliability of energy provision. Thus, this work has the objective to locate faults in energy distribution systems using only post-fault voltage data. This data will be collected on the medium voltage side of distribution transformers, a likely place for installation of concentrating devices of smart grids, and will be applied to a multilayer fuzzy inference system. The scenario studied is a feeder of an actual distribution system, with 1600 buses and 505 transformers. The obtained results are still very imprecise to faults too close or too far from the measurement point, but they are satisfactory for a specific range of fault distances. Improvements are going to be made to obtain more accurate results.

Marcel Araujo*, University of São Paulo

346

Effects of a tradable credits scheme on urban mobility: a household activity-based approach based on Milan’s travel survey

Please see attached full version

Meng Xu*, Beijing Jiaotong University; Lorenzo Mussone, Poiltecnico di Milano; Meng Xu,

347

RBF-Fuzzy Control of a SMES Unit: An effective tool for Enhancement Transient Stability Limit

This paper proposes an on-line neuro-fuzzy control strategy for a Super conducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit to increase the maximum load capability of transmission lines via enhancing transient stability limit. Hence, fuzzy rules are defined by analyzing various conditions of the power system and then applied to update parameters of the Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN). The RBFNN is employed as a control scheme for the SMES. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is evaluated through simulation tests implemented by MATLAB. It is shown that the maximum duration of a fault toleration preserving system stability is increased with use of SMES controller. Comparison between the two control methods of the fuzzy control and the proposed neuro-fuzzy control shows that the proposed RBFNN controller helps to enhance the transient stability limit of power system transmission lines. Furthermore, this neuro-fuzzy controller is more efficient compared to a multi-layer perceptron in the sense of standard error. Capability of practical implementation is also exist in this proposed controller.

Mojtaba Babaei, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University; Mehrdad Eghlimi*, Shiraz University of Technolog; jamshid Aghaei, Shiraz University of Technology

349

Demonstration of Friendly Interactive Grid Under the Background of Electricity Market Reform in China

The Friendly Interactive System of Supply and Demand (FISSD) is a large-scale demonstration project supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, which provides an effective solution towards the problems in the development of future electric power systems, such as the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources (RES), the growing peak-valley difference of loads and the traditional management methods. The FISSD project will take advantage of the advanced information and communication technologies (ICT) to achieve an effective interaction between customers and the power grid. Moreover, some innovative business models will be put forward and implemented in the demonstration area under the new round of electricity market reform in China. The objectives of the FISSD are to reduce the peak-valley difference of loads by 5.8% and the comprehensive energy consumption of residential customers by 5.5% at the end year of the project in 2020, compared with the start year 2016. The FISSD project will be demonstrated in two cities of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou and Changzhou, where the resident population is 2.38 million. Around 110,000 residential customers will be selected and equipped with smart devices to participate in the project. This paper provides an overview of the FISSD project and the launched pilot policies. Moreover, the beneficial effects to the electric power system are also analyzed.

Hongxun Hui, Zhejiang University; Yi Ding*, Zhejiang University - China; Yonghua Song, Zhejiang University; Li Guo, State Grid Jiangsu Economic Research Institute

350

Contribution of electric vehicles for frequency regulation in presence of diverse power sources and transmission links

Electric vehicles (EVs) due to its immense contribution towards greenhouse emissions have become more popular in the recent years. Moreover, through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology EVs can also participate in several ancillary services such as frequency regulation (FR) and voltage regulation (VR). This paper presents for the first time FR in deregulated power system in presence of HVAC/HVDC transmission links and EVs. Fractional order (FO) controller is employed for coordinated control of EVs and conventional power units. EVs with their on-board batteries is a potential candidate for FR service due to fast adjustment of charging/discharging power. Recently developed flower pollination algorithm (FPA) is further employed to choose the controller parameters under different scenarios. Superiority of the proposed control strategy is studied extensively by varying state of charge (SOC) of EV battery and power system loading. Obtained results strongly suggest that FO controller is far superior to conventional PID controller.

SANJOY DEBBARMA*, NIT MEGHALAYA; Arunima Dutta,

351

Air quality grid to enable energy savings

Poor air quality is becoming a growing concern throughout the world as its long-term health and economic impacts are better understood. The World Health Organization considers indoor and outdoor air pollution the single largest environmental health risk increasing the possibility of developing lung and/or heart diseases as well as many other health conditions. Understanding precisely where this air pollution is happening and why, along with knowing optimal ways to finding measured and adequate solutions is essential to optimize air quality while saving energy. Air quality monitoring as an integral part of a connected grid can help optimize the use of HVAC systems to maintain air quality in a smart way, differentiating when and where action is really needed. The article explains how these measurements and equipements can be coordinated to achieve both energy gains and better confort and safety for people.

Fabien Imbault*, EVOLUTION ENERGIE; Saketaram SOUSSILANE, Meo; Maria RESTREPO, Meo; Lyndon WHEELER,

352

Optimal operation of storage systems integrated with MV photovoltaic plants, using Jmodelica

Nowadays the energy storage technology is bringing new opportunities to the power systems, not only providing the electric grid with regulation, reserve and backup services, but also filling the gap between the timing of production and consumption. This enables price arbitrage techniques, aimed at maximizing the economic revenue obtained by charging or discharging the storage, based on the time variation of electricity prices. This paper shows how to optimize the operation of a storage device in presence of a PV generating plant, possibly combined with a local load. An optimization technique based on a dynamic programming tool implemented with the open source Modelica language is here proposed and tested on different case studies. In particular, different storage sizes and losses models have been considered, as well as the dependence of the storage lifetime on the depth of discharge of its operational cycles. Finally, a payback analysis calibrated on present and future cost scenarios is presented and discussed.

Stefano Barsali, University of Pisa - DESTEC; Romano Giglioli, University of Pisa - DESTEC; Giovanni Lutzemberger*, University of Pisa; Davide Poli, University of Pisa - DESTEC; Giacomo Valenti, University of Pisa

353

Modelling heat demand in buildings with an experimental approach

Smart electric thermal storage heating devices can be used for demand response, congestion management and incorporated within unit commitment and dispatch of generation resources for more efficient control of power systems. This paper presents an experiment-based thermal modelling approach of residential buildings which will be scaled to a national aggregate level to be used in overall power system modelling involving smart electric thermal storages. A simplified thermal network based on electrical RC-circuit analogy was developed to replicate building’s thermal dynamics and model residential heat demand at national scale. To obtain the equivalent parameters for the RC model, physical experiments were conducted during which buildings were let to cool down and then heated for several times and indoor and outdoor temperature, heat consumption and solar radiation was recorded. The identified model exhibits a good performance which improves when solar gains are considered within it. Simulations of different control strategies of the heating equipment were carried out and important aspects that need to be taken into account to elaborate more efficient control algorithms of the heating system are discussed.

Jevgenijs Kozadajevs, Riga Technical University; Zane Broka*, Riga Technical University; Antans Sauhats,

354

MV Ground Fault Current Distribution: an Analytical Formulation of the Reduction Factor

Global Earthing Systems (GESs) are defined by international standards IEC 61936-1 and EN 50522 as an equivalent Earthing System (ES) created by the interconnection of local ESs. Thanks to this interconnection, just a percentage of the total fault current is injected to ground in a single ES. In this paper, a new formula to compute this percentage in an accurate and easy way is proposed.

Pietro Colella*, Politecnico di Torino; Enrico Pons, Politecnico di Torino; Riccardo Tommasini, Politecnico di Torino

355

An Advanced Microgrid Simulator for Stand-Alone and Market-Dependent Energy Strategies

Aegean Sea islands, similar to other island regions around the globe, are determined by high quality wind and solar potential that stimulates the implementation of energy solutions based on renewable energy sources (RES). However, the current energy status suggests that RES penetration in the specific islands is limited in the order of 10%-15%, with oil-based power generation holding a dominant role. To this end, an advanced Microgrid Simulator has been developed in order to examine different energy strategies for island microgrids, considering both the option of stand-alone operation, as well as the option of interconnection to a host electricity system, which can be thought as equivalent of an electricity market.

Dimitrios Zafirakis*, Technological Educational Inst; Georgios Tzanes, Piraeus University of Applied Sciences; John Kaldellis, Piraeus University of Applied Sciences

356

Enhancing energy efficiency in railway operation through adaptive multiobjective RCG rescheduling

This paper presents an adaptive multiobjective rescheduling model, based on a Resource Conflict Graph (RCG) approach, which considers energy efficiency aspects into solutions. The objectives and constraints defined during train rescheduling should be different amongst categories (passengers, freight) and service types (Intercity, InterRegio; single wagonload, mail trains). Passenger trains usually have higher priority in scheduling than freight ones. Long freight trains usually suffer from higher energy consumptions during journeys. The paper describes a RCG-based rescheduling model, which considers multiple objectives (train delays and energy consumption) differently, weighted for services (adaptive model). A numerical example based on the test track of a physical model, owned by the Institute for Transport Planning and Systems (IVT - ETH Zurich), allow supporting the results discussion.

Ambra Toletti, IVT - ETH Zuerich; Valerio De Martinis*, ETH Zurich - Institut f?r Verkehrsplanung und Transportsysteme; Ulrich Weidmann, IVT - ETH Zuerich

357

Impact of Smart Electric Thermal Storage on Distribution Grid

The paper presents a preliminary assessment of smart electric storage heating impact on distribution grid in comparison to con-ventional electric heating if heating electrification is partly intro-duced. Real-world data of electric load, heating demand, electrici-ty prices and ambient temperature was used for simulations to conclude that while a small penetration of smart storage heating can facilitate efficient usage of the existing distribution grid, larg-er penetrations can require grid reinforcements due to a signifi-cantly increased electric load. These effects could be partly miti-gated using smart charging algorithms for storage heaters. From the economic point of view, smart storage heating provides cheaper energy for end-users and lower cost of distribution losses for the system operator.

Zane Broka*, Riga Technical University; Lubov Petrichenko, Riga Technical University; Antans Sauhats,

358

Selective Harmonic Elimination for a 27-Level Asymmetric Multilevel Converter

This work presents a 27-Level Asymmetric Multilevel Converter that uses the staircase modulation. Optimized gating angles are proposed using the Selective Harmonic Elimination technique. Using the Fourier series the explicit harmonic equations are obtained and numerically solved. This allows to generate a resulting multilevel waveform without some specific low-order harmonics. The proposal is validated using software simulations in time and frequency domains.

Javier Munoz*, Universidad de Talca; Ignacio Torres, Universidad de Talca; Johan Guzman, Universidad de Talca

359

Mitigation of Power Fluctuation in Variable-Speed Wind Turbine with DFIG

With increase of wind power penetration into the power system, the power quality becomes an important issue and one of most important aspects of power quality is flicker. There are numerous of factors that affect flicker emission and power oscillations of grid-connected wind turbines including wind characteristics (e.g. turbulence intensity and tower shadow) and type of wind turbine and grid conditions (e.g. short circuit capacity (SCR) and grid impedance angle). In this paper, a torque control method is proposed by which power fluctuation is reduced using a series of band reject filters (BRFs). All aerodynamic, mechanical and electrical aspects of a wind farm connected to the grid are modeled using FAST and MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results are given and they show well the effectiveness of the method proposed for improvement of power fluctuations.

Babak Ganji*, University of kashan; Marziye Rashidian, university of kashan; Mohsen Rahimi, university of kashan

360

Design Optimization of Switched Reluctance Generator to Maximize Efficiency and Gen-Power Ratio

An electromagnetic simulation model based on finite element method (FEM) is introduced for the switched reluctance generator (SRG) by which the important electromagnetic characteristics of this generator are derived from carrying out 2D finite element (FE) transient analysis. The introduced electromagnetic model is applied to an 8/6 SRG and the simulation results including dynamic electromagnetic characteristics, efficiency and the gen-power ratio are presented. Carrying out 2D FE transient analysis using the introduced model for different operating points, design optimization of the discussed SRG is done based on the design of experiments (DOE) algorithm and optimal values of the pole arcs are obtained to maximize both the efficiency and the gen-power ratio.

Babak Ganji*, University of kashan; Mahdi Heidarian, university of kashan

361

Power Hardware In the Loop simulator of Photovoltaic Plant for smart grid interation analysis

The strong integration of renewable energies within the distribution networks has brought a series of issues that are the subject of study and research. In order to study experimentally the behavior of these systems test facilities are needed that can be replaced by emulation techniques such as Power Hardware In the Loop. These methods allows researchers or engineers to test both the control strategy of the emulated subsystem and the response of the grid. This article will show a new Hardware in The loop architecture combined with a model of Photovoltaic Plant, including both the photovoltaic panels and the inverter. The system will be capable of being connected to a real network and supply currents and voltages in accordance with simulated weather conditions. The subsystem can be used for testing new control strategies of the Photovoltaic (PV) Plants and at the same time for analyzing the behavior of the grid-connected emulated plant. The Architecture will be general purpose and will be used to model other renewable energy plants

giambattista Gruosso*, Politecnico di Milano; Yujia Huo, Politecnico di Milano; Luigi Piegari, Politecnico di Milano

362

Radiated emissions measurements of a portable power bank in a GTEM cell

In this paper, the results of the radiated emission measurements for a portable power bank are presented. The comprehensive tests were carried out for different cases in charge and discharge mode of operation. The emissions tests were performed using gigahertz transverse electromagnetic GTEM cell. It is an alternative measurement method, which allows evaluate the radiated emissions from small electrical and electronic equipment. A portable power bank often is a component of a such device and can influence on the total level of radiated emission. The paper reports undesirable effects related to the power bank’s operation. It is associated with the generation of electromagnetic emission in the range of a few hundred MHz, which results in exceeding the admissible emission limits.

Beata Palczynska*, Gdynia Maritime University

364

Aggregation of Small Loads for Demand Response Programs- Implementation and Challenges: a Review

Due to fundamental changes in the electricity structure in recent years, the provision of demand response (DR) from small loads like residential buildings or electric vehicles has become possible. To utilize the great potential of these small flexible loads, it is necessary to aggregate them properly; in this way they can be used in larger scales for network and market applications. However, the real implementation of DR aggregations for such customers still faces many challenges. In this regard, this paper illustrates the concepts of aggregation and DR aggregators, and presents a detailed survey of the current literature related to various aggregation applications and problems. A comprehensive analysis of the challenges of DR aggregation for such customers is also reported and discussed.

Amin Rajabi*, University of Technology,Sydne; Li Li, University of Technology, Sydney; Jiangfeng Zhang, University of Technology, Sydney; Jiangou Zhu, University of Technology, Sydney

365

MVT Controlled DVR for Fault-Ride Through Capability

Voltage dips are the most harmful disturbances which affect the voltage stability of wind turbines. In voltage dip conditions, stator/rotor currents and electrical torque increase to fairly high values with failing of voltage stability. In order to provide voltage stability after the faults of voltage dips, the faults must be compensated fast and accurately. The main contribution in this study is that missing voltage technique (MVT) based controller method is tested in dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to improve fault ride through (FRT) capability in grid connected wind systems. The proposed method controlled DVR is performed for symmetrical and asymmetrical faults in grid connected wind energy systems by using PSCAD/EMDTC power system simulator program. The case studies demonstrate the superior and effective compensation results.

Mustafa İnci*, Çukurova University; Mehmet Büyük, Çukurova University; Adnan Tan, Çukurova University; Kamil Bayındır, Yıldırım Beyazıt University; Mehmet Tümay, Çukurova University

366

District Heating Demand Short-Term Forecasting

This paper discusses various forecasting tools that can be used in predicting the thermal load in district heating networks, focusing on day-ahead hourly planning as it is particularly important for cogeneration plants participating in electricity wholesale markets. Forecasts obtained by employing an artificial neural network are compared to a polynomial regression model. Their ability to supplement each other in a combined forecasting tool has been considered as well.

Roman Petrichenko*, Riga Technical University; Karlis Baltputnis, Riga Technical University; Antans Sauhats, ; Dmitrij Sobolevsky, Riga Technical university

367

Saving environmental impact of electrical energy transmission by employing existing/planned transport corridors

This paper deals with the development of a procedural approach for analysing the compatibility between HVAC/HVDC power cable lines and existing/future infrastructures by taking advantage of railway and highway transports. Several critical issues have been deeply analysed in order to ensure a reliable and safety operation of power cables hosted in railway/highway infrastructure. The paper offers a future perspective on a synergy which will have to be taken into account more and more due to the reduction of energy corridors.

Sebastian Dambone sessa*, University of Padova; Roberto Benato, University of Padova; Massimo Rebolini, TERNA; Luca Guizzo, Terna

368

Analysis of entering flows in the congestion pricing Area C of Milan

This paper deals with the analysis of traffic flow, trying to exploit whether intra-period and inter-period kinds of dynamics may occur in a hierarchical structure: week-to-week, within-week, within-day dynamics, and whether analysis of within-week dynamics may be restricted to distinguish days of week (or working days) vs. weekend days only or whether each day should be analysed in details. An in-depth statistical analysis of data available for the real case of Area C in Milan (Italy) shows some particular structures in entry patterns giving some insights for supporting transport policy and assessment of external costs. Particularly, lags between entries of each vehicle present a trend strongly linked to a weekly frequency.

Lorenzo Mussone*, Poiltecnico di Milano

369

Protection of Star Connected Multi-Terminal HVDC Systems with Offshore Wind Farms

In this paper, a high speed protection technique is proposed for protection of star connected Multi-Terminal HVDC (MTHVDC) systems with offshore wind farms. The fault is detected using high frequency transients created in the current signals due to fault occurrence. In fault cases, the energy of the high frequency transients superimposed on current signals is high. Moreover, the faulty line incorporates more high frequency transients than the healthy lines. Therefore, faulted line can be identified by comparing mathematical norms of the high frequency transients superimposed on line currents. The high frequency transients can be extracted from current signal using Discrete Wavelet Transform DWT. The proposed technique is able to detect fault and identify faulted line in MTHVDC systems including overhead lines and underground cables. Moreover, the identification of faulted line is done in less than 0.1 ms, which means complete safety of converter semiconductor devices during fault. Simulation results showed the robustness and reliability of the proposed algorithm.

Ahmed Abu Elanien*, Dhofar University

370

Modeling and Control of a Bidirectional Power Converter Based on Neutral-Point Clamped Topology for Grid Interface of DC Microgrid Systems

The discussions in this paper are inserted on DC-based microgrids study area. DC microgrids are known to be a promising solution to improve renewable energy integration with electrical grid and increase the entire system efficiency. In this scenario, a bidirectional grid interface converter (BGIC) is necessary to manage the power flow between the utility grid and the DC microgrid with the intent to regulate the main DC bus voltage and simultaneously ensure grid code compliance at the point of common coupling. This paper describes the design, systematic small-signal modeling and control of a two-stage grid interface converter consisting in the association of a single-phase Neutral-point clamped (NPC) front end (1st Stage) and a simplified NPC converter (2nd Stage), which provides null common- mode voltage, fault current limiting capability in both sides and three- level switching. The converter behavior and linearize model are assessed through computational simulations.

HANS SATHLER*, UFMG; LARA SATHLER, UFMG; THIAGO OLIVEIRA, UFMG; pEDRO GARCIA, UFMG

371

Evaluation of Lightning-Induced Overvoltages on a Distribution System: Validation of a Dedicated Code using Experimental Results on a Reduced-Scale Model

The paper aims at validating a code for the evaluation of lightning-induced overvoltages developed in the PSCAD-EMTDC environment with the experimental results obtained using an experimental facility developed at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. The comparison is done considering different line configurations, from a single line to a complex layout with one main feeder and many laterals and in presence of non-linear elements, such as surge arresters.

Daniele Mestriner*, Genoa University; Massimo Brignone, University of Genova,Department of Naval, Electrical, and ICT Engineering; Renato Procopio, University of Genova; Erica Ginnante, University of Genoa; Ilaria Ruggi, University of Genoa; Farhad Rachidi, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL); Alexandre Piantini,

373

Investigation of oil impregnated pressboard insulation based on ester fluids for an application in HVDC insulation system

The interest of insulating oils based on ester fluids is becoming increasingly important. They are already successfully used in conventional transformers [1,2]. In addition, current researches deal with the application in HVDC insulation systems. The aim is, to equipped converter transformers with novel materials, to reach a sustainable, environmentally responsible construction of insulating system. The defiance is, that the insulation system sees not only an alternating voltage, it sees also a DC Offset. This means a challenge in predicting the electric field distribution. By DC stress the conductivity is the determining factor. Studies are already being carried out [3,4]. Further measurements in this issue are necessary to understand the behavior of individual components in the insulation system. The investigations presented here contribute to the comprehension of oil impregnated pressboard insulation based on ester fluids. For the impregnation of the insulation barrier system, the synthetic insulating oil Midel7131 and the vegetable insulation oil FR3 are used and are compared with mineral oil Nytro Lyra X. The pretreatment of the insulation barrier system as well as the electrical load is kept constant in order to ensure direct comparability.

Patrick Rumpelt*, University Dortmund; frank Jenau,

374

The EBSF_2 innovative predictive maintenance system for buses

The European Bus System of the Future - EBSF_2 (2015 – 2018) is a research project funded by the European Union with the aim to develop a new generation of buses by combining new vehicle technologies and infrastructures with operational best practice. Among the several demonstrators involved, the paper focuses on the methodology and the test process adopted in Ravenna (Italy) where a demonstrator is under test to improve predictive management performance. More specifically, this demonstrator is currently testing a maintenance software to analyze data coming from sensors for lubricants to assess the oil quality, therefore detecting potential or prospective breakdowns and replacing spare parts in advance; the system also enables to understand which substances or problems concurred to the oil poor quality. The paper describes the performance prior to and during the implementation of the system; such variations are measured by a series of Key Perfomance Indicators corresponding to different impact areas (maintenance, operations, fuel consumption, costs, staff training, efficiency of the ITS to process data). The paper also highlights prospective environmental consequences, and reports the results thus far achieved, with the research objective to provide advanced knowledge for further applications beyond the EBSF_2 project field.

Maria Vittoria Corazza*, Sapienza University of Rome; daniela Vasari, Pluservice; Silvia Magnalardo, Pluservice; Enrico Petracci, Pluservice; michele Tozzi, UITP

375

Enhancing the Performance of WiNPLC Smart Grid Communications by MIMO NB-PLC

Hybrid wireless/narrowband powerline communication (WiNPLC) allows to improve reliability and coverage in smart grid communications. In this work we focus on the narrowband PLC (NB-PLC) part that is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation according to IEEE 1901.2 standard. In particular, we evaluate the performance of a 3by3 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) NB-PLC scheme. The introduction of MIMO enhances the data rate but, at the same time, requires robust detection techniques. We consider different decoding approaches that are well known in the wireless domain and assess their performance and applicability in the powerline communication domain. Simulation results show that, similar to wireless systems, in NB-PLC non-linear MIMO equalization schemes achieve better performance compared to linear ones. Additionally, complexity shows that non-linear equalizers, especially maximum likelihood, have high complexity which limits their applicability in real systems.

Sadaf Moaveninejad*, Politecnico di Milano; Ahmad Saad, Fraunhofer ESK; Maurizio Magarini, Polimi

376

Progress Towards Intelligent Transmission Lines based on the Monitoring and Measurements of Electromagnetic Transient

Smart grid defines a new orientation of power systems, towards to real-time communication, efficient management, secure energy supply and intelligent devices. Traditionally, transmission line systems are consisted of devices of measurement, fault identification and protection, and communication, but are suffering from drawbacks. It is expected to develop intelligent transmission lines (ITL) to solve the problems. This article provides a review of recent developments in technologies and methods for intelligent transmission lines based on the monitoring and measurements of electromagnetic transient. Different studies on intelligent transmission lines will be reviewed. In addition, the communication network of intelligent transmission lines will also be reviewed. Finally, emerging technologies, such as advanced power electronics, Big Data technique, and intelligent line monitoring have been illustrated.

Ke Wang, Yunnan Electric Power Research Institute; Hongwen Liu, Yun; Hao Li, Yunnan Electric Power Research Institute; Junhui Zhao*, University of New Haven

377

Space debris science at the Satellite Laser Ranging Station Graz

Recent research activities related to space debris science at SLR station Graz are presented. Multi-static experiments were performed together with several European SLR stations. Stare and chase experiments demonstrate that space debris laser ranging is possible without a-priori knowledge of orbital information. Spin period and attitude measurements are performed via satellite laser ranging and light curves.

Michael Steindorfer*, Space Research Institute, Graz; Georg Kirchner, ; Franz Koidl, ; Peiyuan Wang,

378

A Hidden Markov Model to Unfold the Characteristic of the Thermal Load Profiles in Residential Buildings

Building’s energy behavior is influenced by a wide range of factors. The complexity of predicting the energy performance of the buildings has led to simplified models which use regression technics based on input-output relations that fits with a high accuracy the thermal profile. The current paper is motivated by the necessity of identifying a flexible and adaptive data driven model which can be used in intelligent buildings to reduce the energy demands for heating and cooling. In this paper, we propose a discrete model based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs).

Vladimir Tanasiev*, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Energetics; Paul Ulmeanu, University Politehnica of Bucharest; Adrian Badea, Academy of Romanian Scientists

379

A comparative efficiency study on bidirectional grid interface converters applied to low power DC nanogrids

This paper describes a comparative efficiency study of different topologies for the bidirectional grid interface converter (BGIC) for applications in DC microgrids, which manage the power flow between the utility grid and the DC microgrid with the intent to regulate the main DC bus voltage and simultaneously ensure grid code compliance at the point of common coupling. In this area, a lot of studies emerged to improve renewable energy integration with electrical grid and increase the entire system efficiency. For efficiency analysis, semiconductors and inductors losses were considered based on datasheets information. MOSFETs usage was considered in order to verify the efficiency increasing against IGBTs for BGIC application.

HANS SATHLER*, UFMG; LARA SATHLER, UFMG; THIAGO OLIVEIRA, UFMG; pEDRO GARCIA, UFMG

380

Optimum Poles Arcs of Switched Reluctance Motor for Maximum Average Torque and Minimum Torque Ripple

In the present paper, a parametric analytical electromagnetic model is introduced at first for the switched reluctance motor which has high computation speed and it can be utilized for various designs of different types of the conventional switched reluctance motors. In addition, a design optimization procedure based on evolutionary algorithms is proposed for reducing torque ripple. Applying the developed simulation model to an 8/6 switched reluctance motor, simulation results are given and evaluated using experimental data and finite element calculations. Selecting stator/rotor poles arcs and turn-on and off angles as the most effective design and control parameters on instantaneous torque waveform, their optimum values are obtained for the discussed 8/6 switched reluctance motor using the proposed design optimization procedure. Three optimization methods including genetic algorithm, design of experiments and differential evolution are considered in this optimization to maximize torque average and minimize torque ripple.

Babak Ganji*, University of kashan; Jafar Norouzi, ; Jawad Faiz,

381

SCORBOT-ER III Robotic Arm Detection and Control with Color Recognition

This work describes the control and detection in space of the SCORBOT-ER III educational/industrial robot. The robot has placed colored markers on the joints, which are detecting using color filtering methods. These key points of the robot are united with lines, which are overlaid on the initial image. These lines serve as guidance for further mathematical computations, which enable the controlling of the robotic arm. The robotic arm’s position is detected with stereo cameras in order to be able to be controlled in the 3D space. The method enables the robotic arm to be controlled only based on the data obtained from the cameras in real-time; no previous programming was done in order to move the robotic arm.

Roland Szabo*, Politehnica Univ. Timisoara

382

Earth Resistance Measurements in Urban Contexts: Problems and Possible Solutions

The measurement of the resistance to earth in urban areas offers some difficulties. To carry out the measurement, both EN 50522 and IEEE Std. 81 propose the Fall of Potential Method (FPM). In this extended abstract, all the issues that could affect the measurement result if FPM is used in an urban context are presented, as well as practical suggestions to reduce errors. Theoretical considerations are supported by the results of a field measurement campaign. In the full paper, a parametric analysis that quantify the errors due to the position of auxiliary electrodes will be provided.

Pietro Colella*, Politecnico di Torino; Enrico Pons, Politecnico di Torino; Riccardo Tommasini, Politecnico di Torino; Eleonora Riva Sanseverino, DEIM University of Palermo; Maria Luisa Di Silvestre, University of Palermo; Gaetano Zizzo, DEIM University of Palermo

383

Optical Distance Measuring Algorithm Evaluation Using Six Sigma Methods

This paper presents an evaluation of web cameras used for distance measuring. The web cameras can measure distances optically. Two identical cameras are placed near each other forming a stereo camera system. This system can measure distances using stereo triangulation. The precision of the measurement can vary on many factors, but the key element is the quality of the camera. This paper deals with the comparison of the cameras upon how well they can measure distances. The evaluation was done using Six Sigma methods.

Roland Szabo*, Politehnica Univ. Timisoara

384

On-demand dynamic bi-/multi-modal ride-sharing using optimal passenger-vehicle assignments

Existing mobility-on-demand service has a major inefficiency for its operating policy design by disregarding the opportunity in cooperation with other transportation networks. In this work, a dynamic bi-/multi- modal vehicle dispatching and routing algorithm is proposed to address the real-time operating policy of ride-sharing (feeder) services in coordination with the presence of existing public transportation networks. We propose a solution algorithm based on the concept of shareability to group a bundle of requests and find optimal passengers-vehicles assignment with least cost to ensure a seamless bi-/multi modal trips. The proposed method is tested on a simulation network with stochastic demand. The efficient rebalancing strategy for empty vehicles will be proposed to reduce users’ waiting times. The proposed method provides a useful tool for real-time mobility-on-demand service planning and design in a multimodal transportation network.

Tai-Yu Ma*, LISER

385

Local energy planning: potential and perspectives of Sustainable energy action plans (SEAPs) of four small Italian islands

Nowadays, Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAPs), represent a great tool for European municipalities and regions to plan, implement, monitor and evaluate their own energy and climate actions, and in doing so contribute to GHG reduction and adaptation achievements. The study analysed the SEAPs of four small Italian islands (SIIs) to assess an integrated framework for planning renewable energy sources (RES) at the local scale. The aim of this paper is to discuss and evaluate the differences of renewable energy harvesting in SIIs, taking into account specific constraints, and to compare the forecasts for 2020 and 2030 scenarios, in accordance with European and National laws in force.

Daniele Bruschi, Sapienza University of Rome; Saverio Berghi*, Università di Roma La Sapienza

386

A Monitoring Framework for Sustainable Integrated Coastal Zone Management Initiatives: the Case for Mauritius

Coastal zones although occupying the least space on Earth throughout the world, they are home to many people. Since decades, within almost all coastal zones there has been a concentration of accruing economic as well as touristic activities. This has also been the case for Mauritius which is well known for its beaches and the number of tourists visiting the island has increased leading to more coastal development. Flic en Flac found in the Black River district has been used for the purpose of this study. Anthropogenic factors such as tourism, recreation, fishing though being sources of income to the inhabitants and to the Mauritian economy have had an effect on the coastal zone of Flic en Flac. This situation has been aggravated by climate change effects as Mauritius is a Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Hence, the need of a sustainable Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) to set a balance between management and sustainable development is fundamental. Furthermore, evaluation and monitoring of all coastal zone initiatives are key steps for the proper implementation of the process. This paper has enable the identification of key issues affecting the coastal through observation as well as the development of a set of indicators that may be used for sustainable monitoring and evaluation.

Yashna Beeharry*, UTM; Chandradeo Bokhoree, UTM; Girish Bekaroo, Middlesex University; Michael Phillips, uwtsd

387

The Pedestrian’s Perspective: how do illuminance variations affect reassurance?

The Economist Intelligence Unit Safe Cities Index summarizes the primary issues of Safety as being digital security, health security, infrastructure safety and personal safety. The biggest challenge for cities is to identify all the issues that actually impact on public safety and comprehend the real perceptions – or misconceptions – that citizens may have. Reassurance describes the confidence a pedestrian might gain from road lighting (and other factors) to walk along a footpath or road after dark, and is intended to describe both perceived safety and fear of crime. Past studies have demonstrated that the presence, level and quality of lighting affects human perception of safety. This article describes a field survey of reassurance carried out in Rome to investigate methods for measuring how changes in illuminance affect reassurance. From the results, it emerged that reassurance is related to the average horizontal illuminance on the sidewalk.

Benedetta Mattoni*, Sapienza Universit? di Roma; Chiara Burattini, Sapienza University; Fabio Bisegna, Universita degli studi di Roma Sapienza; Steve Fotios,

388

Optimization of the Coupling Factor Deviation for Lateral Offset of a Coil Pair for Contactless Inductive Charging to Generate Positioning Tolerance

Electric Vehicles can become more interesting for prospective customers as soon as existing disadvantages, as for instance range and comfort for the charging process, can be improved. Beside the increase of the battery capacity, the contactless inductive charging can help to raise the acceptance of the population. Inductive contactless charging can be used to charge a vehicle while the driver does not even have to leave it. If short parking and waiting times can be used for inductive charging, the practical range and the comfort are being increased. In the future, following the autonomous driving, also the parking process should happen autonomously and thereby the vehicle will use the positioning of the secondary to the primary coil. Until the transition to a standard equipment of vehicles with parking assistants, it is necessary to develop positioning tolerant systems for the inductive charging. Moreover, it can become possible that small vehicles are equipped with an inductive charging system without a parking assistant due to cost benefits. For those cases, it is necessary to develop an inductive charging system which allows a principally caused large positioning tolerance. In this paper, a procedure is being developed to produce a flat course of the coupling factor against a lateral offset through small deviations in the coil system for given measurements. For example, an inductive charging system will be optimized for high positioning tolerance.

Mike Böttigheimer*, Universtität Stuttgart; Nejila Parspour, Institut für Elektrische Energiewandlung - Universität Stuttgart; Michael Armbruster, Institut für Elektrische Energiewandlung - Universität Stuttgart

389

Technical Issues of Solar- and Gas Engine Based MicroGrids - Assessment on Feasibility by Using Present Technologies

Present energy systems are based on the conventional energy sources like oil, natural gas and coal, nuclear power is also used in big scale. That principle must be changed to ensure our energy supply in the future as well. The amount of the available conventional energy sources is limited, so the replacement with new technologies is an absolute necessity. However, the transition to renewables is not an easy process, research of future technologies is required to make the replacement smooth. The present energy systems are not capable to handle distributed power generation; they were designed for the handling of big power plants. As the energy demand is rising worldwide there is a successively bigger need to deal with that issues. In fact, we are still in time to find solutions to these problems, but time counts rapidly. A possible solution is to integrate the renewable energy sources into the energy systems is to build MicroGrids. A MicroGrid is capable to operate parallel with the main utility grid, but in case of any failure it can be disconnected and operated further separately in island mode. The main element of every MicroGrid is at least one integrated renewable energy source and another energy producer to balance the uncertain availability of the renewables. This could be an energy storage device or a conventional power generation technology. Unfortunately, the present energy storage technologies are not refined enough to use them in big scale. The purpose of this study is to present the technical aspects of transforming an industrial park into a MicroGrid by connecting a photovoltaic array and (bio)gas engines to an industrial park’s existing grid. The grid was modeled to observe the phenomenon caused by the connection. Nevertheless, the refinement of the existing technologies and the invented future technologies hopefully will make the transition to renewables smooth and much easier than we could do nowadays.

Balint Gyorvari*, Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Istvan Vokony, Budapest University of Technology and Economics

390

Overall performance of a surge protection device system in protecting equipment against lightning surges

The present paper deals with the protection of low voltage apparatus against lightning surges, regardless of the source of damage. An approach is proposed to evaluate the overall performance of a Surge Protection Device (SPD) system in protecting equipment, and to dimension, ultimately, the system able to provide the required performance in terms of frequency of damage and of exploited service availability. Conclusions that are drawn can be useful for the revision of the international standard IEC 62305 series.

Tomasz Kisielewicz*, Warsaw University of Technology; Giovanbattista Lo Piparo, La Sapienza University of Roma; Carlo Mazzetti, La Sapienza University of Roma

391

Extrapolation of varistor’s watt loss energy using Arrhenius life model

Metal oxide varistor (MOV)-based surge arresters subjected to continuous conduction, as a result of constant thermal and distorted ac voltage stresses, have proven to degrade at higher rate. This, in terms of varistor energy, may suggest that the watt loss energy dissipated inside these varistor devices is higher than measured under pure ac voltage and thermal stress conditions. In this paper, the applied voltage and leakage current through varistor devices are measured in twenty equal time-points across the full cycle. The values obtained are used to estimate the long-term watt-loss energy using the Arrhenius life model. The trends obtained indicate higher watt-loss energy dissipated under distorted ac voltage stress.

Pitshou Bokoro*, University of Johannesburg

392

Microstructure observation of Zinc oxide exposed to thermal and ac field stresses

Metal oxide varistors (MOV) form the fundamental structure of modern surge arresters. Therefore, MOV-based surge arresters are widely used in electrical power systems and electronic circuits to clamp transient overvoltage or surges. However, MOV units are exposed to electrical degradation or ageing as a result of high magnitude pulses or/and continuous conduction under ac or dc external. The MOV degradation process which eventually destroys the arrester useful life consists of a very complex microstructural disintegration phenomenon. Previous studies indicated that the degradation or ageing mechanism is a very slow process in its nature when MOV surge arresters are operated within their well-defined specifications. In order to study this phenomenon, accelerated ageing tests are usually carried to simulate the deterioration environment in which arresters are likely to be exposed to. Therefore, for surge arrester to exhibit its intended design specific function reliably and to prevent failures it must be able to quickly dissipate the absorbed energy and return to their standard operating conditions. In this paper, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) grain size morphology and microstructure phase composition of commercially-sourced samples are observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) techniques. The impact of electro-thermal degradation on transition metal oxides (TMO’s) is also examined.

Pitshou Bokoro*, University of Johannesburg

393

Cam-Wallet: Fingerprint-Based Authentication in M-Wallets Using Embedded Cameras

With the financial technology revolution, the days of bringing out cash from well-crafted leather wallets to make payments have begun to phase out and plastic payment cards are no longer being considered as the future of financial services. An important part of this revolution is mobile wallet, which is an application of m-payment that has the features similar to a conventional wallet. As mobile wallets or digital wallets have been transforming the execution of customer to merchant transactions, security remained an important concern. Authentication mechanisms in the form of PINs, passwords and pattern codes have not been sufficient to curb the threats. Most recent attempts to rectify this issue involved the application of capacitance-based biometric. Although these efforts have brought about relatively more secure authentication, not all mobile devices are equipped with capacitance sensors and the high cost of the ones equipped presents a problem. The paper proposes an approach where a camera captured fingerprint sample is employed for customer electronic wallet authentication.

Stanley Okpara, Middlesex University (Mauritius Branch Campus); Girish Bekaroo*, Middlesex University

394

Metering for Energy Management - A Practical Approach to Metering

ISO 50001 deals with Energy Management Systems, just a branch or form of overall management. Like all management systems, it needs the correct inputs; without these, the system cannot generate the correct Outputs and thus allow the right decisions to be made. If a financial management system cannot operate without detailed accounting for income & expenditure, how can an Energy Management System operate without the necessary metering & monitoring data ? ISO 50001 is based on the well-known “Plan — Do — Check — Act” principle. Applying it to any organisation needs effective management and measurement; and careful planning to ensure a successful implementation. The presentation focuses on ensuring that the input into the ISO system is valid data — focusing predominantly on electricity metering. SMART in this context is an acronym rather than the highly misused adjective applied to almost any computerised system. Here, it relates to the planning process. The author has over 35 years’ experience in Energy Management, particularly in metering. He is a member of the European Committee that wrote EN 16001, and of ISO TC301 – responsible for the ISO 5000x series of standards; also of IEC ACEE amongst others.

Kris Szajdzicki*, ND Metering / ESTA

395

A new design method for Virtual Impedance loop in Droop-connected converters

In this paper, a novel strategy for virtual impedance design in droop-connected converters is analysed; the method is based on stability analysis of equivalent system loops and aims at defining feasible operating regions of the converter depending on the control parameters. The results obtained are then compared with the ones obtainable through the analysis of the equivalent circuit of the system.

Alberto Bolzoni*, Politecnico di Milano; Roberto Perini, ; Luisa Frosio,

396

Measuring & Maintaining Energy Efficiency - SMART approach to Implementing ISO 50001

Abstract—ISO 50001 deals with Energy Management Systems, a branch or form of overall management. Like all management systems, it needs the correct inputs; without these, the system cannot generate the correct OUTPUTS and thus ensure that the right decisions are made. If a financial management system cannot operate without detailed accounting for income & expenditure, how can an Energy Management System operate without the necessary metering & monitoring ? ISO 50001 is based on the well-known “Plan — Do — Check — Act” principle. Applying it to any organisation needs effective management and measurement; and careful planning to ensure a successful implementation. The presentation briefly looks at two aspects of ISO 50001; on the initial implementation of a successful system and on ensuring that the input into the ISO system is valid data — focussing predominantly on electricity metering: SMART in this context is an acronym related to the planning process rather than the highly misused adjective applied to almost any computerised system. The author has over 35 years’ experience in Energy Management, particularly in metering. He is a member of the European Committee that wrote EN 16001, and of ISO TC301 – responsible for the ISO 5000x series of standards; also of IEC ACEE.

Kris Szajdzicki*, ND Metering / ESTA

398

Modified droop control for the optimal management of the battery systems in isolated microgrids

Microgrids are often made up with Hybrid Power Plants (HPPs), which include storage batteries. To enhance system efficiency, it is important to manage the batteries so as to avoid that one gets charged at other batteries’ expense. To reduce costs and increase robustness, a Microgrid Controller that communicates with all the HPPs can be avoided and the droop control is often adopted for the HPPs’ interface inverters. This paper proposes a method to change the droop coefficients so as to get the described target with no communication available between the HPPs. Theoretical analysis is validated through a simulation carried out on a study case

Roberto Perini*, ; Luisa Frosio, Electro Power Systems; Gabriele Marchegiani, Electro Power Systems; Alberto Bolzoni, Politecnico di Milano

399

Multivariable Automatic Compensation Method for Inductive Power Transfer System

The wireless power transfer can be useful in applications where the use of cables for powering remote devices are not suitable or even feasible. Besides that, the transferred power is highly dependent on the relative position between the transmitter and receiver coils as well as other circuit parameters. The use of adaptive matching network in wireless power transfer system allows to track the maximum power transferred to the load when changes in the magnetic coupling between the coils occur. By varying both the excitation frequency and matching capacitor, the output power can be remained approximately constant over a large range of magnetic coupling. This paper presents an automatic compensation method for an inductive power transfer system. The proposed method monitors the magnitude and phase of the input current of the inductive link. The input informations are processed by a fuzzy logic controller and the working frequency and the matching capacitor are varied in order to maximize the power transferred to the load. The proposed method can offer more degree of freedom in positioning of remote devices for charging purposes.

Rodrigo Porto*, UFRGS; Lucas Murliky, UFRGS; Valner Brusamarello, UFRGS

401

Inrush and Fault Current Discrimination Using Wavelet Transform and Autoregressive Modeling

Autoregressive modeling, due to its forecasting capability and Wavelet Transform with ability of non-stationary signal analysis, both seem to be proper tools to analyze the systems’ transients. Inrush current as a transient, single-handedly is potential to cause problems. Further, wrong discrimination of internal fault and inrush currents may cause wrong operation of protection devices, which cause economic and safety losses. Differences in protective reactions necessary for internal faults and inrush currents introduce us to the importance of discrimination. This study attempts to scrutinize the performance of Wavelet Transform and AR modeling in the distinction investigation. To accomplish this goal, Fault and Inrush currents spectra have been computed and estimated by AR modeling and the WT is applied to the same system. Hence, Fault current and Inrush current spectra and the pertinent coefficients have been computed and estimated by AR modeling and the Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA) is done for the same system Observing differences between output spectra of AR modeling for inrush and fault cases, have provided an approach for discrimination of these two that makes the decision process trustee, consequently.

Pooria Norouzi*, Istanbul Technical University; Negar Dashti, university

402

Temperature Control of an Innovative Aluminium-Steel Molds Induction Preheat Process Placed on Automated Laser Guided Vehicles

In the production of plastic components based on injection molding, like shoe sole manufacturing, the temperature control and the on-line process optimization are important issues in order to preserve the quality of the plastic components and improve the time performance, while maintaining high product quality. This research proposes an induction preheating control technique based on Model Predictive Controller (MPC) for an innovative steel-aluminium mold for production of soles, performed on an automated Laser Guided Vehicle (LGV) with induction heating functionality. Due to the high mold thermal inertia, which increases the mold temperature even if the control system turns off the thermal power, innovative controllers are needed in order to track the desired temperature setpoint. The comparison with standard industrial controller based on PI controller shows the effectiveness of proposed solution.

Mariorosario Prist*, Univpm; Francesco Ferracuti, Università Politecnica delle Marche; Andrea Monteriù, Università Politecnica delle Marche; Sauro Longhi, Università Politecnica delle Marche; Paolo Cicconi, Università Politecnica delle Marche; Anna Russo Costanza, Università Politecnica delle Marche

404

Optimal sizing of a hybrid mini-grid considering the fuel procurement and a rolling horizon system operation

Hybrid mini-grids in developing countries are a promising solution in providing the universal electricity access. While the renewable sources help in reducing the energy cost, their coupling to a diesel backup can reduce the system cost and assure a better service when the renewables aren’t available. The fuel procurement can be an issue in rural areas due to lack of good infrastructures combined to long distances of the site from the fuel station. The typical sizing of rural mini-grid is based on simple strategies like load following or load charging. Rolling horizon strategies, instead can be more efficient leading to the reduction of the system cost. The present paper proposes the optimal sizing of a mini-grid considering both the fuel procurement and the short term operation of the system based on a rolling horizon strategy. The method is applied to a system composed by a photovoltaic plant, a lithium battery, a diesel generator, and a fuel tank minimizing the net present cost of the system for the project lifetime. The costs of the assets, replacements, fuel, diesel maintenance, and load curtailment are taken into account. Finally, a numerical case study is presented.

Davide Fioriti*, DESTEC; Romano Giglioli, University of Pisa - DESTEC; Davide Poli, University of Pisa - DESTEC; Giovanni Lutzemberger, University of Pisa; Andrea Vanni, Enel Green Power S.p.A.; Pasquale Salza, Enel Green Power S.p.A.

405

VPP Distributed Energy Management Mechanism in Hybrid Energy Internet

In Hybrid Energy Internet, there are different energy kinds of Distributed Generations(DGs), especially combining power and heat energy. A certain number of DGs would be organized as Virtual Power Plant(VPP), which is an effective solution to manage geographically-dispersed and DGs energy. Considering DGs frequently plug-in or plug-out, VPP energy management should be more flexible and controllable. In this paper, VPP distributed energy management mechanism(VPP-DEMM) is investigated. Based on communication topology in Energy Internet, VPP distributed optimization are discussed on the consideration of power and heat coordination. Simulation cases show effectivity of VPP -DEMM.

Jie Yu*, Southeast University

406

Demand Response from Multiple-Energy Cus-tomers in Integrated Energy System

The integrated energy system (IES) has gained rapid development in recent years. The integration of multiply-energy carries brings flexibility to customer’s energy demand. With the development of demand response (DR) technologies and energy network systems being increasingly flexible, it has become a realistic possibility for encouraging customers to adjust their energy demands in response to system operation conditions. Based upon the concept of energy hubs, the flexibility of customers’ energy demands is analyzed. Moreover, an economic dispatch model is developed with the consideration of the demand response, which is formulated as a two level optimization problem. In the proposed technique, the energy production constraints are relaxed via the demand response, which allows a better utilization of wind power and a reduction of the energy costs. An integrated energy system is developed to illustrate the effectiveness and benefits of the proposed technique.

Changzheng Shao*, Zhejiang University; Yi Ding, Zhejiang University - China; Chengzhi Zhu, ; Yonghua Song, Zhejiang University

407

Classification and Management of Electricity Market Customer Considering Demand Response in China

This paper focuses on the application of demand response(DR) in electricity customer classification and management, puts forward a universal DR level index and constructs the customer classification index system. Principal component analysis(PCA) is used to reduce the original data dimension, then the improved fuzzy C-means(FCM) clustering algorithm is adopted. An example will be used to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm and the feasibility of the model. Based on the result of customer classification, discussing on the problems of customer management in China's electricity market, including market access, customer rewards and different types of customer incentive programs. The work will be conducive to the promotion of DR and the development of the electricity market in China.

Peng Wang, North China Electric Power University; Pengyu Zhang*, North China Electric Power University

408

Detection of Non-Technical Losses using Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Intelligent Algorithm Ensembles

Non-Technical Losses including power theft is a major problem faced by Power Utilities today. In India, this accounts for roughly 50\% of the total loss every year. Non-Technical losses can be infidelity at the consumer end, unethical tapping of transmission lines and hacking or tampering of energy meters. In this paper, a solution to Power theft using advanced metering infrastructure and intelligent algorithms has been proposed. The proposed solution profiles users based on their minute wise power consumption, income, locality, number of family members and other factors. Irregularities in power usages are detected using a boosting algorithm. The algorithm, which is an ensemble of multiple classifiers, increases accuracy and precision by using a voting system. The result will be a model that can be used to shortlist consumers who are potentially stealing power.

Soham Chatterjee*, SRM University; Rohit Saha, SRM University; Archana Iyer, SRM University; Raghav Gupta, SRM University; Fenil Doshi, SRM University; Karthik Suresh, SRM University

409

Optimal day-ahead and intra-day scheduling of energy and operating reserve considering fluctuating wind power

High penetration of wind power increases the complexities in system planning and operation. How to determine the required amount of operating reserve becomes a major problem due to the uncertainty and fast fluctuation of wind generation. Most of existing schedule methods determine the amount of operating reserve in day-ahead optimal scheduling considering economic costs and reliability indexes. However, they are not completely accurate due to the day-ahead forecast error of wind power and loads. It is well known that the forecast error of wind power and loads decreases from long-term timescale to short-term timescale. Therefore, it is important to develop an optimal schedule of energy and operating reserve in both day-ahead and intra-day to minimize total system cost considering ever-changing forecasted wind power. The spinning reserve is solved by day-ahead schedule to deal with contingencies like outages of units and other instantaneous failures. It will not change in intra-day schedule. Regulating reserve is pre-scheduled in day-ahead schedule and later adjusted in intra-day schedule due to the reduction of forecast errors of loads and wind energy. Both of the reserves can be provided by generators and demand response. We illustrate our methods in a modified 4-bus 9-generator system. Analysis shows that the proposed methods can provide a useful reference for system operators to schedule day-ahead, intra-day plan of energy and operating reserve. The system fluctuation induced by accessing wind energy is restrained by progressively utilizing a series of optimal allocations of energy and operating reserve in thermal power plants to enhance the secure and economical system operation.

Xinhong You*, Zhejiang University; Yi Ding, Zhejiang University - China; Jun Zhang, State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Company; Huahua Wu, State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Company; Pierluigi Siano, University of Salerno

410

Reliability Assessment of UHVDC Transmission System Based on Bipole Symmetry

This paper proposed a reliability assessment method of ultra-high voltage DC (UHVDC) transmission system. Considering the bipole symmetry of UHVDC transmission system, the state space model for evaluating reliability of UHVDC can be simplified to effectively reduce the problem dimension as the method proposed. Then, due to the standby effect of the alternating current filter and the recovery effect of the converter bridge, the Universal Generating Function (UGF) method is used to realize the state combination of the unipole multi-state system. Case studies of typical UHVDC transmission system are presented to illustrate the proposed method. Sensitivity analysis is also conducted to quantify dependency of reliability on parametric change.

Xing Jiang*, Zhejiang University; Yi Ding, Zhejiang University - China; Yonghua Song, Zhejiang University; Jun Zhang, State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Company; Huahua Wu, State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Company; Pierluigi Siano, University of Salerno

412

Fuzzy Logic Based Inertial Dispatch Strategy from Wind Power Plant

This paper presents the fuzzy logic based new and effective inertial wind power dispatch strategy in a win integrated power system. GE 3.6 MW wind turbine (WT) which has provision of additional inertial support is considered for this study. In the proposed strategy, maximum possible releasable kinetic energy (KE) available from individual WTs is estimated (taking into account multiple wake effect created by upstream WTs to downstream WTs in a WF) and equivalent power demand command in addition to scheduled pre-disturbance WT power output is given to the WT controller from a power plant level temporary frequency correction unit (TFCU) when the system frequency deviates from the nominal value. The proposed short term frequency support scheme is compared with KE based gain scheme with different penetration level of wind generation while considering different wind directions. The investigation results on a two area wind integrated power system suggest that the proposed sheme significantly improves the frequency nadir and the tie power oscillation in all the cases.

Santanu Paul*, IIT Bombay; Zakir Rather,

413

Probabilistic Energy Consumption Analysis of Buildings Using Point Estimate Method

This paper analyzes the energy consumption of buildings considering the uncertainty of effective parameters. To this end, two-point estimate method (2PEM) is used to model the uncertainties. Comparing this method to Monte-Carlo simulation shows that 2PEM although may lead to a bit less accurate results, it considerably reduces the simulation time. EnergyPlus as the most popular building energy simulator is used in this paper to study the energy consumption and cost. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed probabilistic study.

Mohammad Bordbari, Shiraz University; Alireza Seifi, Shiraz University; Mohammad Rastegar*, Shiraz University

414

Feasibility Analysis of Storage Systems in Wind Plants - an Italian Application

The application of storage systems to renewable energy sources (RESs) is a recent research field representing the most appealing way to solve the chronic problems related to the high penetration of solar and eolic energy in the electrical network: the variability and unpredictability of the energy production. A storage system was thought to be applied to avoid the loss of part of the energy produced, along with the relative revenues. The purpose of this work is to evaluate, on the base of the wind speed and power data provided by both the eolic farms, the technical feasibility and economic profitability of this solution.

Sonia Leva*, Politecnico di Milano; Enrico Casalini, Politecnico di Milano

415

Using ARDUINO developpement platform in the diagnosis of AC electrical machines

Low cost electronics platform based on Atmel micro- controller, as Arduino platform, are used in many applications and in many fields. Indeed, their characteristics in terms of inputs, outputs, CPU and RAM make possible to develop rapid smart-systems for measurement avoiding additional components. CPU and RAM performance allows analyzing complex numerical signals. The aim of this paper is to show some board-development (ARDUINO UNO, M0 and DUE) coupled with sensors for electrical rotating machines analyzing and diagnosis in industrial environment.

Fabrice Morganti*, LSEE; Mohamed Younsi, LSEE; Mauricio Cuevas Salvatierra, LSEE; Jean-Philippe Lecointe, LSEE; Thierry Jacq, EDF

416

Instantaneous conduction and switching losses in two-level voltage source inverters

A mathematical model is derived which allows to compute instantaneously the conduction and switching losses in two-level voltage source inverters (2L-VSIs) regardless of the employed modulation scheme. The model is based on the use of switching vectors applied to the considered VSI, taking into account the instantaneous conduction and switching losses of the semiconductor devices. The advantages of this method are, (i) it can be extended to any type of VSI and any modulation scheme, (ii) it can be applied to analyze the power losses of VSIs during any desired period, and (iii) it can be easily implemented in any kind of the simulation software (e.g. Matlab/Simulink).

Mahdi Fakharmanesh*, Politecnico di Milano; Christoph Hackl, Technische Universität München; Roberto Perini,

417

Exploring the daylight simulation of filter panels in a pre-tunnel structure

The study of a pre-tunnel structure that filter the daylight has been carried out by means of 3D simulation software. The 1:1 scale model of the tunnel and the pre-tunnel has been realized and two different sequences of filtering panels has been simulated. The first sequence reproduces the panels experimented in a previous study with a real scale model; the second sequence is aimed to optimize the filter effect, acting on the grid and on the length of the panels.

Dionysia Drakou*, Sapienza University; Chiara Burattini, Sapienza University; Fabio Bisegna, Universita degli studi di Roma Sapienza

418

Influence of Rotor Slot Shape on the Parameters on Induction Motor

with The article deals with the influence of the shape Boucherot's cage on induction motor parameters,which are mainly values of starting torque, breakdown torque, but also power factor, efficiency and starting current. Torque curve of induction motor with Boucherot's cage is characterized by a high value of starting torque with a relatively low starting current. The waveform of the resulting torque characteristics is the sum of characteristic of outer cage and characteristic of the inner cage. These partial waveforms are given by their impedances which are given by active part - so by cross-section of rotor slot, and by reactive part - so by self-inductance respectively reaktance which is associated the depth of rotor slot, the width of the rotor tooth, width and height of bar etc. The principle of calculating the reactance and resistance of the machine is given in the article and also to analyze the equivalent circuit, according to the choices we derive formulas for equations required torques. We are finding the optimum of shape of rotor slot for the maximum size of the relative starting torque and minimum size of relative starting current while maintaining favorable power factor and efficiency the motor.

Stanislav Rusnok*, Siemens, s.r.o.; Ondřej Orság, Siemens AG; Pavel Sobota, Siemens, s.r.o.; Petr Ka?or, VSB ? Technical University of Ostrava

419

Blue-light retinal hazard and LED lamps: proposal of a methodology for risk assessment according to ICNIRP guidelines

The risk of photochemical (blue-light) retinal damage associated to eye exposure to the light emitted by LED lamps depends on several factors: specific characteristics of these sources (e.g. these lamps are often in the form of arrays of LEDs), exposure conditions (continuous vs. intermittent exposure, indoor vs. street lighting), exposed subjects (workers, general population, children). In this article, an operative procedure for risk assessment taking into account all the above mentioned factors and according to the ICNIRP guidelines is proposed.

Alessandro Polichetti, ISS; Massimo Borra*, INAIL; andrea Militello, INAIL; Fabio Bisegna, Universita degli studi di Roma Sapienza

420

Clocks Synchronization Mechanism for Radio Interferometer Network

Recent advances in technology research have low cost, low power in radio interferometer network. Clock synchronization is an important service in any distributed system, including radio interferometer systems. Applications with high frequency clock synchronization need sub-nanosecond accuracy. However, most distributed synchronization algorithms cannot satisfy the requirement for high speed interferometer network system such as PTP (Precision Time Protocol) and White Rabbit. This work describes new concept clock synchronization for future wideband radio interferometer network ( 150 MHz - 450 MHz) with consideration about the requirements. Additionally, we proposed hardware architecture prototype for clock synchronization algorithm, based on TDC (Time-to-Digital Converter) and DTC (Digital-to-Time Converter) circuits. Offsets computation and timestamps calibration achieved with FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) implementation. Simulation and test results are given to corroborate the proposed algorithm and analysis.

El Houssain AIT MANSOUR*, Station de Radioastronomie de ; Karl-Ludwig Klein , Observatoire de Meudon ; Bruno Da Silva, Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay; Stéphane Bosse, Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay

422

Voltage stabilization and efficiency improvements on DC railways by stand alone Energy Storage Systems

Stand Alone Energy Storage Systems (ESS) can be placed along railway lines to stabilize the catenary voltage and perform braking energy savings; this action reduces line power losses and saves energy normally wasted by train rheostats. The global result is both economic and technical, lower consumptions and a better utilization of the traditional substation rectifiers. This work analyzes a portion of a regional 3kV DC railway; system efficiency and power savings are simulated with and without a stand alone ESS. Equipment is placed inside a passengers stop, so also infrastructures costs are low.

Alessio Clerici*, Politecnico di Milano; Enrico Tironi, Politecnico di Milano; Francesco Castelli Dezza, Politecnico di Milano

423

Control of Wind Turbine by LPV Gain Scheduling with Tower Load Reduction

The aim of this study is to design a suitable LPV (Linear parameter varying) controller for large wind turbine operating in high winds, with the objective to regulate the generator speed at the nominal value and to alleviate the aerodynamic loads induced on the tower structure by wind forces. This LPV controller is synthesized by minimizing the $H\infty$ norm of the closed-loop system and is gain scheduled by pitch angle in real time. The performance of the proposed controller in reducing the tower loads were demonstrated on the FAST simulator for the NREL 5MW wind turbine, and were compared with classical baseline PI

Mourad DJAMAI*, USTHB

424

Improving the Stability of SEIG Based Microgrids during Overloads by Using Supercapacitor-Based Storage and Load-shedding

This paper focuses on improving the stability of a microgrid (MG) supplied by a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) during overloads. A short-term energy storage system based on a supercapacitor (SC) is added to the MG control system, while non-critical loads are interfaced through a controlled circuit breaker. During overloads, the SC will inject power into the MG DC-link as long as its state-of-charge (SOC) is kept over a pre-defined level. After this level is reached, the non-critical loads will be disconnected. Simulations performed in Matlab/Simulink are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control structure.

Catalin Ion*, Transilvania University of Bra; Ioan Serban, Transilvania University of Brasov

425

Influence of humidity on pulse shape parameters of positive corona discharges in air at DC voltage

The partial discharge diagnosis is a valuable method for the condition assessment of operating equipment. The phase resolved pattern as an established diagnostic tool under AC voltage stress enables to draw conclusions regarding the location and the type of fault. The inapplicability to DC voltage stress coupled with the increasing importance of DC transmission systems requires the development and evaluation of alternative and suitable basic approaches. Although diverse promising approaches are identified, recent investigations are, up to now, limited to standard atmospheric conditions. To reach universally valid statements, additional research regarding the influence of varying conditions is required. Focusing on the pulse shape of positive corona discharges in air a method for investigating the influence of the relative humidity is proposed. Pulse shape parameters are determined, compared to each other and reconciled with physical processes for two temperatures and a relative humidity level in the range of 40 % to 95 %.

Ulrich Lühring*, TU Dortmund University; Daniel Wienold, TU Dortmund University; Frank Jenau, TU Dortmund University

426

Cool façade optimization: a new parametric methodology for the urban heat island phenomenon (UHI).

In recent years, the urban climate has been progressively changing due to different causes that affect the environmental conditions. One consequence of this metamorphosis and the growing building density is known as the urban heat island (UHI) factor, which alters the quality of outdoor spaces due to the overheating of building surfaces. Microclimate features influence indoor activities and human heat stress. The research aims to provide an answer to the problem caused by excessive solar radiation on the urban fabric and the consequent UHI factor. The following study focuses on different façade characterizations based on various materials with relevant reflectance efficiencies that transform the exterior of buildings into “cool façades”. The research considers the thermal performance of the building façade, the heat exchange between the building, and canyon surfaces as thermal masses in a new parametric methodology. Using thermodynamic tools connected by a parametric engine, the analysis demonstrates how cool façades reduce heat transfer to both the building and the environment. The study analyzes façade materials related to their shading capacity, high reflectivity, and emissivity in different urban canyon scenarios. Microclimates and outdoor comfort are monitored by measuring the canyon surface temperatures and the Universal Thermal Climate index (UTCI), which combines air temperature, humidity, mean radiant temperature, and wind speed. The indoor environment is observed using air temperatures. The study reveals how cool façades help to improve outdoor as well as indoor conditions.

Ernesto Cesario*, UNICAM; Roberta Cocci Grifoni, University of Camerino; Graziano Marchesani, ; Simone Tascini, University of Camerino

427

IEC EN 60825-1 3th edition vs 2th edition: different classification due to maximum angular subtense and removal of measuring condition 2.

IEC EN 60825-1 3th edition introduces relevant changes compared to IEC EN 60825-1 2th edition substantially for laser sources with wavelengths between 400 and 1400 nm; in particular changes concern AEL for temporal duration of a pulse less than 13 µs, correction factors C6, C5 and C7, Ti, i.e. time below which pulse groups are summed, and classification procedure for class 1M and 2M. These changes have an impact on the classification of sources; the different value of a single parameter can lead to a higher or more relaxed classification level, but the final classification of the source depends on all the parameters used and the measuring conditions to be applied too. Only at the end of the classification procedure it is possible to determine if indeed the current edition of the standard leads to a different classification with respect to the previous edition, and then it will be possible to assess the impact and comment it. To this end, some examples of classification are presented to clarify the effects of the changes due to the introduction of different values of C6, that in turn depend on the change of alpha max , and due to the elimination of the measuring condition 2 for sources emerging from low-magnification systems. In some cases, in fact the new procedure classifies in class 1, instead of in class 1M, source characterized by a DNRO greater then 100 mm. Furthermore, for pulsed laser alfa max is to be taken 5 mrad rather than 100 mrad. A maximum angular subtense of 5 mrad implies to change C6 coefficient to be applied, ie 3.3 instead of 67, but simultaneously the apparent source must be masked with an aperture area of 400 times less, in fact IEC EN 60825-1 3th edition admits the same class established according to IEC EN 60825-1 2th edition for sources with a power higher than 20. In this case the second edition of the standard was found to be too restrictive.

Alessandra Tomaselli*, University of Pavia, Italy; DANTE MILANI, UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA

428

Inspired by the atmosphere. A procedural protocol that defines a meta-project based on atmospheric forces: solar radiation and wind field

In recent years, environmental aspects and impacts have become increasingly crucial for architectural design. This research aims to use climate-related themes at the starting point of the design process and would ideally inspire architects to create a design concept that follows optimized energy solutions. The study named “Inspired by the atmosphere” consists of the morphological research of different solutions influenced by environmental conditions in the urban context. This is a procedural protocol that defines a meta-project based on atmospheric forces (namely solar radiation and wind field) and provides architects not with final, restricted solutions but rather recommendations. The protocol develops multiple solutions arranged in a list sorted according to energy balance. The best solution may not consider all the aspects that are important for the architect. Instead, the designer must critically analyze all the results before the design process.

Graziano Marchesani*, UNICAM-University of Camerino; Marco Rosa, UNICAM-University of Camerino; Roberta Cocci Grifoni, University of Camerino

430

IEC EN 60825-1 3th EDITION: IMPLICATIONS ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF LASER PRODUCT

The next 19th of June of 2017 will be the latest date by which the second edition of the standard IEC EN 60825-1, Safety of laser products - Part 1: Equipment classification and requirements, would have to be withdrawn; only the new third edition of the same standard will be into force. This standard introduces a system of classification of lasers and laser products emitting radiation in the wavelengths range 180 nm to 1000 µm according to their degree of optical radiation hazard in order to aid hazard evaluation and to facilitate the determination of user control measures. The new edition of this standard has adopted the last revision (2013) of ICNIRP Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to laser radiation of wavelengths between 180 nm and 1000 µm. These new Limits of Exposure include remarkable variations with respect to the previous Limits. Therefore the new edition of the standard IEC EN 60825-1 includes considerable technical changes with respect to the previous edition. This paper analyzes the main implications of these changes on the classification of laser products and specifically the paper examines the effects provoked by the variation of the parameter C7, that consider the absorption of the radiation that pass through pre-retinal structures before arrive to the retina, and by the variation of the correction factor C5 that consider the phenomena related with the termal effect due to a sequence of the pulses. As a result and almost immediately the reader will be able to discover that a same laser product for the second and third edition of the standard IEC EN 60825-1 can belong to a different class, also not contiguous, with inevitable consequences about the risk assessment, the determination of user control measures and the risk perception.

DANTE MILANI*, UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA; Alessandra Tomaselli, University of Pavia, Italy

431

Enhancing Power System Stability with Synthetic Inertia

Nowadays, changes in the generation mix highlighted technical issues which was negligible before. One of the main integration problems could be the stability of the power system with high penetration of non-synchronous generation. The emerging technologies are connecting to the grid via power converters which means that these are practically decoupled from the grid parameter changes. This reduction of the system inertia could lead to higher rate of change of frequency and deviations. One of the possible solutions is providing the inertial response to enhance the stability. This paper introduces a simulation modelling method of synthetic inertia and a concept to evaluate different applications. With wind generators and energy storage devices provide additional active power to the system during frequency excursions the load shedding could be avoided in the simulation studies. During the simulations, a detailed synthetic inertia controller was examined. The wide-range of parameter settings allows the usage of technology measurement data. This concept leads to the proper evaluation of the effectiveness of synthetic inertia. Different kind of selectivity provides the opportunity to maximize the utilization of the devices. This allows the operator to activate stability reserves only when necessary. With the evaluation concepts presented, the optimization of synthetic inertia activations can be planned. The simulation studies showed that the spreading of renewable energy sources – especially the non-synchronous type of generation – reduces inertia and it threatens the frequency stability of the power system. 68% of the input initial conditions resulted in emergency or ALS activation states. From the 9 cases when the frequency falls below 49 Hz, the wind turbines was capable of avoiding load shedding in all but 2 cases which is 2% of the state matrix. A 6 MW battery storage system with inertial response control provided enough reserve for these most crucial cases.

Istvan Taczi*, BUTE; Istvan Vokony, Budapest University of Technology and Economics

432

An Active Railway Power Quality Compensator for 2×25kV High-Speed Railway Lines

The AC 2×25 kV power supply system is a popular and optimal solution in high-speed railway networks. Owing to the operation of high-power trains in these systems, the 4Q converter generates a high amount and wide spectrum of harmonic currents, which cause undesirable effects in the signaling systems, communication devices and utility power systems. In this paper, a new Active Railway Power Quality Compensator (ARPQC) based on two-phase three-wire converter is proposed to suppress harmonics and improve the displacement factor of system. In order to have an accurate analysis, a suitable model of 4Q converter and eight-conductor Overhead Catenary System (OCS) together with autotransformers have been developed. The precisely simulation results have been provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed compensator.

Hamed Jafari Kaleybar*, Sahand University of Technolog; Hossein Madadi Kojabadi, Sahand University of Technology; Federica Foiadelli, Politecnico di Milano; Morris Brenna, Politecnico di Milano; Seyed Saeed Fazel,

433

Two-switch forward converter efficiency optimization

This contribution presents a mathematical tool for analytical calculation of the optimum switching frequency and transformer parameters of a switching power supply utilizing a two-switch forward converter. The calculations are based on minimization of total power loss of the converter with given switching semiconductors and size of transformer and inductor core. This allows the designer to construct a converter with greatest efficiency using given parts (keeping cost of the components). The results are power saving, less waste heat and possibly smaller size and weight of the converter or power supply. Applications include photovoltaic inverter, electric vehicle charging, industrial power supply and any isolated DC/DC converter in general.

Jan Martis*, Brno University of Technology

435

Impact of Customers Flexibility in Heat Pumps Scheduling for Demand Side Management

In the smart grid scenario, Demand Response (DR) and Demand Side Management (DSM) programs are considered as strategic to obtain a more efficient operation of the grid. The flexibility given by the final customers plays a key role to unlock the potential benefits offered by the application of these schemes. A classical example of flexible load that could be exploited for DR and DSM purposes is the electric heat pump. This paper aims at evaluating the main factors affecting the flexibility available in the management of electric heat pumps for space heating. The performed analysis allows identifying some indexes to quantify the available flexibility and shows how the customer thermal comfort requirements affect the provided level of flexibility. Simulations will be performed to fully investigate the impact of these factors on the results of a DSM program designed to schedule heat pumps operation for achieving power peak shaving.

Marco Pau*, RWTH Aachen University; Jochen Cremer, ; Ferdinanda Ponci, RWTH Aachen; Antonello Monti, RWTH Aachen

436

Replacing diesel generators with hybrid renewable power plants: Giannutri Smart Island project

Electricity generation in small remote island is generally performed using diesel generators, leading to high energy cost and significant local pollution; the integration of renewable energy sources in such small networks is hindered by stability and reliability issues, as well as environmental constraints. The paper deals with the replacement of diesel generation in Giannutri (a small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea), with an hybrid power plant, including a photovoltaic power plant and a multi-technology (lithium battery / hydrogen) energy storage system. Steady state as well as transient simulations have been carried out, in order to verify network reliability and stability. Environmental impact assessment and authorization issues are also considered, evidencing the significant advantages both in terms of energy cost and pollution

Francesco Palone*, TERNA; pierluigi Portoghese, TERNA; Luca Buono, TERNA; Andrea Necci, TERNA; Daniele Rosati, Electro Power Systems; Claudio Rosati, Electro Power Systems

437

A compensation method for an optical DC current sensor using ripple

In the paper a sensor is introduced, which directly measures attenuation of input and output fibres using technical ripple current to determine DC currents. Changing attenuation varies the characteristic curve of the sensor transfer function. Therefore changed attenuation has to be detected and its effect needs to be compensated, where input and output fibre attenuation changes are differenced. For reasons of low costs and easy installation a magnetic field sensor is used to calculate current in a nearby conductor. The influence of external magnetic fields is prevented by design of the test set-up and can be neglected.

Florian Leßmann*, TU Dortmund; Lars Vogelsang, TU Dortmund; frank Jenau,

438

Analysis of the performances of a fully 4H-SiC insultated DC/AC converters

In this paper, we report the experimental results of a fully 4H-SiC insulated power converter. It consists in a phase shifted full bridge converter, a step-up 4kV-insulator transformer, a bridge rectifier and a DC/AC full bridge inverter. The power system converts the DC input voltage with nominal value of 48V in an AC output voltage with a maximum frequency of 400Hz and peak of 210V. The power is changed up to 300W. Both diodes and transistors are made by 4H-SiC commercial power devices from different vendors. The control of the single converters is made by Texas Instrument UCC28950 controller for the Phase shifted converter and by a Virtex 5 FPGA for the inverter. Different converter parameters have been changed in order to analyze the device and system performances: - the switching frequency; - the output voltage frequency; - the output power load; - the output voltage peak; - the power transistors;

Gian Domenico Licciardo, University of Salerno; Alfredo Rubino, University of Salerno; Emilio Lanzotti, Ansaldo STS; Eduardo Piccirilli, Ansaldo STS; Luigi Di Benedetto*, University of Salerno

439

Losses of 4H-SiC DMOFET in high voltage power converters

We report an accurate analysis on the performance of high voltage 4H-SiC MOSFETs focusing on the best trade-off between static and dynamic losses for power converter applications. The analysis consists to compare static and dynamic figure-of-merits of MOSFETs, which are indicators of the device performances. Moreover, because such analysis uses a novel analytical model that gives the best device geometries able to minimize the on-state losses at the maximum blocking voltage, we will show also how a best geometry for static losses can affect the dynamic performances. Finally, data taken from commercial devices, i.e. Wolfspeed and STMicroelectronics, are considered, pointing out the state-of-art of today’s 4H-SiC MOSFETs.

Gian Domenico Licciardo, University of Salerno; Luigi Di Benedetto*, University of Salerno

440

Optimal matching between optical rectennas and harvester circuits

This paper deals with optimal coupling issues between rectennas and harvesting circuits. An optical rectenna consists of a nanoantenna usually coupled with an ultra-high speed rectifier. These devices aim to receive and convert solar and thermal radiation in a DC voltage, then a harvester circuit provides the energy to be stored. The rectenna impedance is influenced both by its structure and by the rectifying diode, the harvester circuit impedance has to be matched to optimize the power transfer. The purpose of this contribution is to discuss the best impedance conditions taking into account the constraints due to each device composing the conversion system. Finally, a cases study is presented.

Chiara Di Garbo*, University of Palermo; Patrizia Livreri, University of Palermo; Gianpaolo Vitale, CNR-ISSIA

441

A non-solid-earthed distribution fault location method based on unbalanced capacitance injection

In order to solve the problem of single-phase-to-earth fault location in non-solid-earthed distribution, the abnormal characteristics of bus voltage under non-solid-earthed distribution fault are analyzed. A method of single-phase-to-earth fault identification is proposed, and concrete steps and formulas are given. The power flow trend of the distribution network under unbalanced capacitance injection is analyzed in the case of non-solid-earthed fault. When the unbalanced capacitance is injected, the steady-state current change upstream of the fault point in the fault phase is different from the steady-state current change downstream of the fault point, and the steady-state current change with the non-fault phase is also different. Based on the above analysis, the non-solid-earthed fault location problem is transformed into the steady-state current comparison problem. The equivalent circuit diagram of unbalanced capacitance current and the detailed calculation formula are given, and the approximate calculation formula and phasor diagram of the fault phase current are given. Based on the mutual cooperation of DMS (Distribution Management System) and unbalanced capacitance, the method of non-solid-earthed distribution fault location based on unbalanced capacitance injection is proposed, and detailed steps and specific rules are given. The simulation results show that the proposed method has good judgment adaptability for permanent non-solid-earthed fault and intermittent non-solid-earthed fault with longer duration.

zili YIN, ; Wei Zhang*, ; Yuxing CHEN, ; wenying HUANG, ; jichang LI,

443

On the potential of Simulation enhanced Conservation of CH Artifacts

The documentation of cultural heritage has long been a useful guide for conservators and restorers. Following the latest advances in HW & SW technologies, the conservation science is keeping up the pace via the incorporation of state-of-the-art digitized analysis to facilitate its modern challenges. In this direction, the current paper proposes a complete pipeline for augmenting the work of conservators by enhancing their intuition and the non-destructive requirements of it. In particular, the current study presents an end-to-end workflow that starts with the digitization of the shape of a mid-sized cultural object and simulates the degradation on its surface based on pre-trained material-specific ageing models. The proposed system comprises a digitization interface that utilizes a low-cost RGB-D sensor registered with a rotary stage for the extraction of the global 3D textured model and a particle-based ageing approach for the spatio-temporal simulation of the changes in both the appearance and structure. The simulation is controlled via both environmental (aka. weathering phenomena) and material specific parameters. An original metallic sculpture has been used as a case study and the qualitative results presented in each intermediate processing step, demonstrate the overall functionality and the promising potential of the suggested approach.

Evdoxia Taka, CERTH-ITI; Konstantinos Papachristou , CERTH-ITI; Nikolaos Dimitriou, CERTH/ITI; Anastasios Drosou*, CERTH-ITI; Dimitrios Tzovaras, CERTH-ITI

444

The establishment of energy storage model and its application in secondary frequency regulation of air conditioning load

The energy storage property of the air conditioning system are studied firstly, based on which, the energy storage model for air-conditioning system is put forward, compared with the existing typical energy storage component. Then, the control architecture of the air conditioning load participating in secondary frequency regulation of power system is designed, focusing on the air conditioning load aggregation model and the charging/discharging control model of energy storage element. In load aggregation model, the cluster load of air conditioning will be integrated into a virtual AGC generator unit, with the representation of its regulation capacity, regulation speed and regulation precision, which enables it participating in the system frequency regulation like traditional units. The AGC instructions will be inversed into open or stop control signal of air-conditioning equipment through the charging/discharging control model. Finally, the characteristic of virtual AGC unit is analyzed, and the effectiveness of the air conditioning participating in secondary frequency regulation is verified, through the case study.

Yu Long, ; Qi Zhou, ; Ciwei Gao*, SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY; lingling Sun, ; Jie Yu, ; Yu Liao, ; Junqi Liu,

445

Risk-Based Self-Scheduling of Gencos in Smart Grids considering a New Method for Bilateral Contracts

In this paper, the self-scheduling issue of a power producer in smart grids is addressed using a stochastic programming approach. Different uncertainties are considered as price uncertainties, forced outage of the unit as well as generation reallocation. The conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) index is used for modeling of risk. The objective markets in this study are a bilateral contract, day-ahead energy market, ancillary services including spinning reserve and regulation, and spot market decisions, while an incomplete competitive market is considered. In this sense, an innovative method for bilateral contracts is proposed to increase the profit of market without ignoring any regulatory rules. The Monte Carlo method is implemented together with a reduction scenario process to generate scenarios.

Miadreza Shafie-khah*, UBI; Gerardo Osório, CMAST, Univ. of Beira Interior; Desta Zahlay Fitiwi, C-MAST/UBI; João P.S. Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto

446

Full Digital Architecture for Selective Coordination of Protections in Low Voltage Electrical Installations

We describe a fully digital logic selectivity system for low voltage power distribution. Such system is especially suitable for marine installations: the case of meshed power distribution on a ship with multiple generators is considered in the paper. Interlock wiring is replaced by a bus connection among circuit breakers. The system allows full selective coordination between breakers in all relevant circuit topologies, with trip-enable and trip-block schemes adapting to connected power sources. In addition, self-diagnostics of signal exchange system is built in, allowing each device to fall back to a safe state in case connection is lost.

Enrico Ragaini*, ABB; Antonio Fidigatti, ; Massimo Belometti, ; Paolo Bettinelli,

447

Improving geometric configurations and level of service of intersections under low-volume conditions

The research examines a case study carried out in the Southern Italy where at-grade three-leg and four-leg intersections with stop control on the minor roads were investigated from the point of view of level of service LOS and crash phenomena. The main scope is to explore how a set of methods can be applied sequentially to check whether improvements to LOS, in terms of control delays and 95th percentile of the queues length distribution, and safety, in terms of number of expected crashes during a study period, can be achieved by improving the existing geometric configurations. The intersections investigated belong to a two-lane rural road network under low-volume conditions and they are located on a flat-rolling terrain. They have been built before National Standard became law. A total of 89 typical intersections were investigated and 550 crashes were observed over a period of 5 years (2005-2010). As first step, a crash level was associated with each site according to methodology based on the crash rate evaluation. Further step was focused on main three intersections characterized by high crash rate level. Comparisons in terms of LOS and number of crashes were carried out between existing configurations and new geometric solutions (I option: adjustment of the existing intersections to Standards by adopting left-turn lanes, right-turn lanes, median-refuge islands, lighting; II option: changing the shape into a roundabout).

Francesca Russo*, University ofNaplesFedericoII; Salvatore Antonio Biancardo, University of NaplesFedericoII

448

Multiphase WPT-System based on phase shifted resonant topologies

To improve power density of a primary system, several different ways to reach to goal are possible. On way to do it, is to increase the primary phases up to a decent number. Increasing the number of primary coils has much advantageous compared to a single phase topology such as increased power density and lower flux density at the outskirts. An overview how to describe this advanced topology will be introduced after a brief overview over the state of the art. In addition to the basic operation, a method how to switch a numerous of primary sides in series will also discussed.

Faical Turki*, Vahle GmbH & Co.KG; Marc Detweiler,

449

Dynamic Reconfiguration of Distribution Network Systems: A Key Flexibility Option for RES Integration

The growing trend of variable energy source integration in power systems (especially at a distribution level) is leading to an increased need for flexibility in all levels of the energy flows in such systems: the supply, the network and the demand sides. This paper focuses on a viable flexibility option that can be provided by means of a dynamic network reconfiguration (DNR), an automatic changing of line statuses in response to operational conditions in the system. The ultimate aim is to assess the impacts of such flexibility on the utilization levels of variable power sources (mainly, solar and wind) integrated at a distribution level. To perform this analysis, a stochastic mixed integer linear programming (S-MILP) model is developed in this work. The objective of the optimization problem is to minimize a weighted sum of the most relevant cost terms while meeting a number of model constraints. The proposed model dynamically finds an optimal configuration of existing network system in accordance with the system’s operation conditions. In addition, the paper carries out a cost/benefit analysis of the DNR scheme from the smart grids perspective. The operation scale in the current work is one week, but with the possibility of hourly reconfiguration. The standard IEEE 119-bus system is employed to test the proposed model and perform the analysis. Numerical results generally show that DNR leads to a more efficient utilization of renewable type DGs integrated in the system, reduced costs and losses, and a substantially improved system performance especially the voltage profile in the system.

Flávio Dantas, University of Porto; Desta Fitiwi*, University of Beira Interior; Sérgio Santos, University of Beira Interior; João P.S. Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto

450

Managing RES Uncertainty and Stability Issues in Distribution Systems via Energy Storage Systems and Switchable Reactive Power Sources

Current electrical energy systems are required to accommodate an increasing penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs), most of which are intermittent by nature (wind and solar for example). In the last decade, the level of variable RESs integrated in distribution network systems have been continuously growing. This adds more uncertainty to the system, which also faces all traditional sources of uncertainty and those pertaining to other emerging technologies such as demand response and electric vehicles. As a result, distribution system operators are finding it increasingly difficult to maintain an optimal daily operation of such systems. Such challenges/limitations are expected to be alleviated when distribution systems undergo the transformation process to smart grids, equipped with appropriate technologies such as energy storage systems (ESSs) and switchable capacitor banks (SCBs). These technologies offer more flexibility in the system, allowing effective management of the uncertainty in RESs. This paper presents a stochastic mixed integer linear programming (SMILP) model, aiming to optimally operate distribution network systems, featuring variable renewables, and minimizing the impact of RES uncertainty on the system’s overall performance via ESSs and SCBs. A standard 41-bus distribution system is employed to show the effectiveness of the proposed S-MILP model. Preliminary simulation results indicate that strategically placed ESSs and SCBs can substantially alleviate the negative impact of RES uncertainty in the considered system.

Mário Pereira, University of Porto; Desta Fitiwi*, University of Beira Interior; Sérgio Santos, University of Beira Interior; João P.S. Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto

451

Optimizing DISCOs planning for networks with distributed energy resources

This paper deals with distribution companies (DISCOs) point of view analysis on opportunities of optimizing investments planning and operation costs, considering possible increase and geographical displacement of high consumption buses, increasing the consumption at different time instants in other buses, by optimally installing and sizing distributed energy resources. The optimization problem is sizing and locating the distributed energy resources within the grid. The results are used for minimizing the planning and operation costs associated power losses, preserving the voltage level in all the nodes within the admissible limits. In all moments, a perfect balance between generation and consumption, including the various operating states of the storage units, must be ensured. Two case studies are formulated, applying the optimization problem on a test network, and also on a small scale real urban grid. Optimal power flow is executed for determining the susceptible nodes and lines for reinforcement. The stochastic charging time of storage and electric vehicles supply, as well as the production from renewable sources will be also considered.

George Cristian Lazaroiu*, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Virgil Dumbrava, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Sonia Leva, Politecnico di Milano; Mihnea Costoiu, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest

452

Analysing Grid Impact of Voltage Fluctuations from Multiple Sources with/without STATCOM

This paper deals with the analysis, carried on for 1 month, of voltage fluctuations determined by perturbing loads in a power system, with and without a STTACOM device in operation. The monitoring campaign was carried on by simultaneously measuring the voltage fluctuations in various points of a power system supplying perturbing loads, for revealing each perturbing customer contribution, and the background flicker. During the measuring campaign, the STATCOM was in/out of operation for revealing its influence on flicker reduction. The propagation of flicker in the power system was evaluated through theoretical analysis and validated through measurements.

George Cristian Lazaroiu*, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; nicolae Golovanov, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Mariacristina Roscia, Universita di Bergamo; Dario Zaninelli, Politecnico di Milano

453

A mobile computed tomography system for on site cultural heritage analysis

In consequence of the increasing request of on-site analysis the availability of portable systems for imaging paintings and other works of art has become an issue for cultural heritage investigation. In different works carried out in Italian restoration centers and museums we succeeded in performing large object X-ray CT, but using heavy equipment. We understood that the best would have been a light system that two operators could easily transport and manage. The opportunity to begin this project was the request to perform X-ray radiographs of the fourteen paintings of the series of “Uomini Illustri”, exposed in “Palazzo Ducale” of Urbino (Italy). We designed a two-axis computer controlled mechanic system capable of translating the X-ray imaging detector in order to perform mosaic radiographs. The scanning area was as big as 1.5 m x 1.5 m. After this work, we replaced the detector with a small size digital flat-panel and we made radiographs of significant size paintings in different places (for example the “Pala Bertoni” in Faenza and the important “Madonna of Cimabue” in Bologna). We started to use the system in computed tomography mode in order to accomplish an important analysis work about the conservation state of the painting of Raffaello “La Muta”, which had a heavy attack of woodworms and was under restoration. Starting from the end of 2014, we upgraded the system with new hardware: a rotating platform and a vertical translation axis to move the X-ray tube. We developed a new version of the control software in order to perform computed tomography in an almost fully automated way. We did the first work in Rome at the “Pigorini Museum” and then later we used the system again in L’Aquila. In the present work, we describe features of this transportable X-ray CT system in detail and we show how it operates. We then report examples of application to real case studies with their specificity and the results obtained.

MATTEO BETTUZZI*, UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA; Maria Morigi, UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA; Rosa Brancaccio, UNIVERISTY OF BOLOGNA; Franco Casali, CENTRO FERMI ROMA; Eva Peccenini, CENTRO FERMI ROMA

454

Optimal Scheduling Strategy in Insular Grid Considering Significant Share of Renewable

Due to the well-known uncertainty and stochastic behavior of wind and photovoltaic production introduced in conventional power systems, the correct management of quality and robustness, even considering all the technical and economic constraints, introduces more challenges to the overall conventional framework. To face all the sensitivities of insular power systems, several strategies have been proposed in last years, i.e., energy storage system, which increase the flexibility, accurate forecasting tools, which may reduce significantly the overall uncertainty, and other tools for managing and schedule accurately the future production based on probabilistic, heuristics, meta-heuristic or stochastic approximations of real power behavior, which arise problems from a computational tractability of proposed problem worsening when faces the smart grids perspectives. In this work, a new scheduling strategy is proposed considering an integration of wind and photovoltaic production in an insular system mostly conventional. To this end, some scenarios, arbitrarily chosen, from wind and photovoltaic production, will be introduced in the scheduling process and a comparison with the same system without renewable production will carry out, in an acceptable computational time.

Marcos Silva, Faculty of Engineering of Univeristy of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Gerardo Osório*, CMAST, Univ. of Beira Interior; Miadreza Shafie-khah, UBI; Juan Lujano-Rojas, Inesc-ID, Instituto Superior Técnico, Univ. of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; João Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of Univeristy of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

455

Optimal Demand Response Scheme for Power Systems Including Renewable Energy Resources Considering System Reliability and Air Pollution

Implementing an applicable demand response (DR) program enables the complete demand-side potentials and ensures a secure, more economic and greener operation of the power systems with the integration of renewable energy. Therefore, the present paper proposes a stochastic security-constraint scheduling approach for optimum operation of both – supply and demand sides – via well-designed pricing and incentive schemes. The DR programs will be with time-of-use (TOU), real-time, critical peak-pricing, and emergency DR program. The study will be from an Independent System Operator (ISO)’s viewpoint and it aims at finding the optimal DR strategy (from a set of DR programs) in a way that an efficient electricity market will be obtained ensuring the security and environmental constraints. To this end, a security-constraint unit-commitment (SCUC) problem considering DR and renewable energy resources is proposed. Different indices will be considered through a multi-objective problem for evaluating the efficiency of the market, security of the system, reliability and air pollution. These indices include market prices, social welfare, load factor (peak-to-valley proportion), air pollution, and power security, among others. In order to find the best DR strategy, a multi-objective problem will be solved to consider all the mentioned indices.

Marta Ribeiro, Faculty of Engineering of Univeristy of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Neda Hajibandeh, CMAST, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal; Miadreza Shafie-khah, UBI; Gerardo Osório*, CMAST, Univ. of Beira Interior; João Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of Univeristy of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

456

A New Approach for Market Power Detection in Renewable-based Electricity Markets

This paper proposes a new approach to detect the market power in power systems consisting of renewable energy sources. A model powered by game theory and agent-based systems is proposed to analyze the behaviors of each market player from the regulatory body’s viewpoint. The proposed method considers both the tacit collusive behavior of Gencos and the possibility of explicit collusion. In addition, three market power indexes are introduced to quantify the market power level as well as to precise its causes. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the methodology, various numerical studies are carried out and the effect of several market regulations is investigated on the market behaviors.

Neda Hajibandeh, CMAST, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal; Mehdi Ehsan, Dept. Electrical & Computer Eng. Science and Research Branch; Miadreza Shafie-khah*, UBI; Soodabeh Soleymani, Dept. Electrical & Computer Eng. Science and Research Branch; João P.S. Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto

457

Optimal Bidding Strategy of Responsive Demands in a New Decentralized Market-Based Scheme

In this paper, a market-based control scheme is proposed to determine the minimum billing cost of responsive demands with the minimum impact on their satisfaction. For this purpose, the responsive demands are modeled as agents who bid to the energy market. In the model, the financial compensation provided by the market motivates the responsive demands to shift their load to off-peak periods. Since dissatisfaction is caused by the deviation from the reference consumption, the responsive demands’ bids are dependent on the level of satisfaction that consumers are willing. Numerical results reveal that the billing cost of these customers is meaningfully decreased compared to the uncontrolled approaches. In addition, the results are compared to the centralized aggregation-based approach, in which a demand response aggregation entity directly buys energy on behalf of responsive demands in the market. The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed decentralized market-based scheme.

Tiago Garcia, Faculty of Engineering of Univeristy of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Miadreza Shafie-khah, UBI; Gerardo Osório*, CMAST, Univ. of Beira Interior; João Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of Univeristy of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

458

Methodology for Islanding Operation of Distributed Synchronous Generators

There is an increase interest for islanding operation of distributed generators (DG) due to economical and technical reasons. However, the control strategy applied to the DG is different for grid connected and islanding conditions, which demands identifying the DG connection status. This paper presents a methodology for detecting the DG connection status. The methodology is able to detect the occurrence of an islanding event or the reconnection of the DG to the utility grid. The developed method is based on a disturbance in the torque applied to the generator and it does not depend on communication systems. According to the response of this disturbance, it will be possible to identify whether the DG is connected to the utility grid or not.

Ahda P. G. Pavani*, Universidade Federal do ABC; Patry Colorado, UFABC

459

Modeling Price- and Incentive-Based Demand Response Strategies in the Renewable-based Energy Markets

This paper models the impacts of Demand Response Programs (DRPs) on the behavior of energy market participants in the electricity markets in the presence of renewable energies. In such oligopolistic environment, market interactions are considered by using a game theoretic model and the market transactions are cleared by means of a Security Constraint Unit Commitment program (SCUC). One sample is considered from each main category of DRPs consisting of different types of time of use tariffs, real-time pricing, critical peak pricing from Price-Based Demand Response (PBDR), and different types of emergency demand response program tariffs from Incentive Based Demand Response (IBDR) in the presence of the wind farms. It is expected that the numerical results with the presence of renewable energy resources indicate that different types of these DRPs differently affect the oligopolistic behavior of market players that should be studied by the system operators before their implementation. Using Monte Carlo simulation method, several scenarios are generated to show the possible contingencies in Day-Ahead energy market. Then some scenario reduction methods are used for reduction the numbers of scenarios. Finally, a two-stage stochastic model is applied to solve this scheduling in a mixed-integer linear programming through GAMS. Consequently, the effect of demand response in reduction of operation cost is proved. The presented approach is tested on a modified IEEE six-bus system.

460

Electrochemical energy storage mitigating impact of electric vehicle on the electric grid: two Italian case studies.

In the framework of an Italian R&D project two pilots plants were realized aiming at demonstrate benefits coming from the adoption of electrochemical energy storages (Lithium ion batteries and hydrogen) integrated with RES. In particular the pilot plant sited in Palermo, comprising an Lithium ion BESS, supports the charge commercial electric vehicles (a public car sharing fleet), the latter, sited in Capo d’Orlando, comprising a hydrogen based storage system and a PV power plant, supplies an innovative Fuel Cell bus. The two different approaches mitigate the effect of the vehicle charge on the grid: the BESS based system shifting the power demand from the vehicle in charge with respect to the power supply from the grid, in the other the hydrogen based storage system is addressed to self-produce the energy required for the bus minimizing the power consumption from the grid. In the present study the preliminary results coming from the demo sites operations are reported in terms of costs and performance paying attention to the impacts to the grid.

Marco Beccali*, Università di Palermo; Marco Ferraro, CNR-ITAE; Vincenzo Antonucci, CNR-ITAE; Laura Andaloro, CNR-ITAE; Francesco Sergi, CNR-ITAE; Valerio Lo Brano, University of Palermo; Giuseppe Napoli, CNR-ITAE; Giorgio Dispenza, CNR-ITAE; Giovanni Brunaccini, CNR-ITAE; Salvatore Micari, CNR-ITAE; Davide Aloisio, CNR-ITAE; Samuele Di Novo, CNR-ITAE; Nico Randazzo, CNR-ITAE; maurizio Cellura, Università di Palermo

462

Game Theory and Competitive Aspects in Electricity Markets

The liberalization of electricity markets in Europe was a highly debated topic in the last thirty years. Almost three decades after the start of the deregulation processes, performances obtained by the introduction of competition in the electricity markets are still difficult to be perceived by final consumers. Until now, the assumption that the deregulated electricity markets naturally generate lower prices for consumers and economic efficiency has not been verified yet. In a deregulated electricity marketplace, participants are more interested in maximizing their own profits rather than contributing the system-wide benefits. Moreover, the particular features of the electricity industry determine electricity market participants to be more aggressive in their bidding strategies. Therefore, studying the bidding strategies of the electricity market participants becomes an important issue.

George Cristian Lazaroiu*, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Virgil Dumbrava, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest

463

Economic Analysis on the use of wired and wireless recharging systems

Current technologies for the recharging of the electrical vehicles include the use of cables and connectors, but solutions as the rapid replacement of the batteries or future technologies, such as wireless charging, can also be taken into account. Wireless charging,not yet commercially available, has some advantages, not obliging the user to connect physically the vehicle to the electric charging station. But, at the same time, it has disadvantages linked to issues of electromagnetic compatibility and low efficiency. This article considers some scenarios for which both wired and wireless recharging systems can be considered, with the aim of estimate the efficiency that must be guaranteed by wireless systems, so that its realization could be more favorable with respect to that of wired one. The estimation is, developed by means of classical economic indexes. Results report the possible advantages and the disadvantages linked with the use of the two technologies.

Vincenzo Di Dio*, University of Palermo; Giovanni Cipriani, University of Palermo; Rosario Miceli, University of Palermo; Michela Longo, Politecnico di Milano; Dario Zaninelli, Politecnico di Milano

464

Based on Cloud Computing to Increase Distributed Generation Penetration

The increasing penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in future distribution systems will involve more complex control systems and a shift towards adaptable active network. Distribution System Operators (DSOs) will, therefore, forced to change their role into an active one also using new cloud computing technologies in distributed computing. On these basis, an adaptive reconfiguration methodology based on a new optimized hybrid algorithm based on genetic algorithm and threshold accepting method is proposed, in order to assist DSOs in order to maximize RES energy exploitation. Possibility and haste of convergence to an effective solution is enhanced by virtue of combination algorithm. Moreover, this approach evades plummeting to local optima and population variety is enlarged. Furthermore, the proposed method can be employed in both dependent and independent tasks. The methodology, tested on a 70 bus system with RES units, confirmed its effectiveness in increasing the overall RES energy production allowing, thus to better exploit network capability, while limiting power losses under a benchmark value. In addition, the proposed approach attained a reduced computational time.

Pierluigi Siano*, University of Salerno; ParisaSadat Shojaei, Department of Information Technology, Payame Noor University(PNU), P.O. Box, 193

465

Optimal parameter estimation of battery model for pivotal automotive battery management system

The battery management system (BMS) is an integral part of a battery electric vehicle (BEV). To ensure the optimal performance of the battery, BMS should measure accurately estimation battery parameters and battery capacity over battery life. The estimation of battery parameters deploys experimental methods that are expensive, require high computational power and are time-consuming. A methodology based on meta-heuristic optimization techniques has been implemented to overcome this problem. The proposed model was tested using six different state-of-the-art optimization techniques. Estimation has been done by the estimated voltage curve’s closeness to the known catalog voltage curve. Feasibility of various optimization techniques evaluated by the accuracy of predicted model and the rate of convergence in predicting the model parameters. Investigation showed that Differential Evolution (DE) and Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithms demonstrate the best accuracy among metaheuristic optimizers for battery parameter estimation. Further analysis showed that for both charging and discharging scenario, DE algorithm was reliable as well as computationally less expensive compared to other optimization techniques.

Akshay Rathore*, Concordia University, Canada; Rajesh Kumar, MNIT Jaipur, India; Venu Sangwan, MNIT Jaipur, India

467

Evaluation of losses in a bidirectional wireless power transfer system for Electric Vehicles

Inductively power transfer systems are becoming increasingly popular in modern applications like electric vehicles. In order to make this technology attractive, its transfer efficiency must be considerably high. Most works in the literature define the efficiency of the wireless charger as the one associated to the inverter, the coupled coils and the compensation networks. Therefore, they usually omit the study of the losses occurring in other parts of the system such as in the primary and in the secondary rectifier. This paper evaluates the losses in a complete wireless charger, built and designed to provide V2G functionalities. The experimental evaluation is contrasted with a theoretical model. The evaluation shows a good agreement between measurements and the values predicted by the model.

Alicia Trivino*, University of Malaga; José A. Aguado Sánchez, Universidad de Málaga

468

Energy measurement for telecommunication operators : the Vodafone use case

The article presents why energy data management (EDM) is important for telecom operators and how measuring is impacting the business value and balance sheet. Based on the Vodafone EDM use case, we identify the best practices for the enhanced monitoring and control of a large volume of remote sites such as base transceiver stations as well as hybrid energy infrastructure assets such as cooling, DC power, solar and generators.

Fabien Imbault*, EVOLUTION ENERGIE; Eric Estrade, Vodafone

469

Stochastic LCOE in portfolio selection of electricity generation

The LCOE methodology has emerged as a commonly used tool, for both business and policymakers, to evaluate the economic feasibility of energy generation projects. However, the LCOE method bears a range of drawbacks. A prominent difficulty to which the energy literature has repeatedly pointed out is that the LCOE is highly sensitive to investment costs, which often form one of the biggest component of overall costs. Moreover, calculating the LCOE, it is assumed that fuels prices and CO2 costs are constant during the whole period of power plant life. The new definition of LCOE sensitive to market price, since LCOE variance can be used as a market risk indicator. Moreover, in this stochastic new frame, the energy generation plants can be seen as a portfolio, for which Markowitz mean-variance analysis can be applied. Moreover, if plant operator can use electricity storage system (an analogous of risk-free rate at financial market) the set of admissible portfolio's can be extended. The case of electricity operator owning a gas and a coal plant and electricity storage system is used as an example. For the mean-variance approach, all possible portfolios are considered on Markowitz plane and optimal portfolios are discussed. The results are compared to the case in which plant operator construct a portfolio without the electricity storage system. Our result is discussed with the case considered by Mari [1], where a nuclear plant was used as a carbon-free asset.

Jerzy Dzieża*, Applied Mathematics

470

A Hybrid Switching VSC Converter for Reactive Power Compensation in Utility Grid

In high power applications such as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), used for reactive power compensation, it is essential to reduce semiconductor losses and associated costs to a minimum value. This paper presents a new hybrid switching STATCOM that offers reduced semiconductor losses ensuring the required STATCOM operating criterion. Design and control of the hybrid STATCOM is first presented followed by simulation results validating the same. Losses are then calculated and the results are compared with a conventional two-level voltage source converter (VSC) based STATCOM to support the claims and demonstrate the benefits of the proposed hybrid STATCOM. It is shown that the proposed hybrid STATCOM presents close to 10% lower semiconductor losses as compared to a conventional two-level STATCOM.

Akshay Rathore*, Concordia University, Canada; Amitkumar K.S., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; Mahmud Bijan, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; Tamanwe Payarou, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; Navjot Singh, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; Pragasen Pillay, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada

471

A Novel topology For single phase Active PFC Circuit

This paper offers a new structure of active power factor correction (APFC) circuit that can be used in single phase AC/DC rectifiers. The proposed design concentrates on controlling the operation time of the main capacitor in a way third order harmonic component can be eliminated at the input source side. This method has been designed and simulated using LTspicesimulink program. The results show almost a unity power factor at the input and more than 98% reduced size of the inductor used in the proposed circuit in comparing with a conventional boost circuit, which tremendously reduces the size and weight of the new converter. Simultaneously, the new topology gives a the ability to the users to change the output ripple DC voltage to be flexible in compromising with the input power factor by changing the duty cecle of MOSFET switches. Furthermore, the new circuit can works accurately without a snubber circuit as the freewheeling diode offers an alternative path for the current.

Hussein Al-bayaty*, Plymouth

473

Analysis of Noise in In-home Channels for Narrowband Power Line Communications

NarrowBand PLC (NB-PLC) are presently considered as an attractive communication system in the so called advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). Noise characterization is then very useful to determine the actual potential of NB-PLC for communication services towards the so called home prosumer in the frequency range 10-500kHz. In this paper we will present a comprehensive comparison and analysis of noise injected by many in-home devices in the whole NB frequency range. A not so common characteristic of the paper is the comparison among data collected in different countries, i.e. China and Italy.

Sami Barmada*, DESTEC, University of Pisa; Marco Raugi, DESTEC - University of Pisa; Mauro Tucci, University of Pisa; Tao Zheng, Xi'Ian Jiaotong University; Li Bai, University of Pisa

474

Optimizing Droop Coefficients for Minimum Cost Operation of Islanded Micro-grids

This paper shows how minimum cost energy management can be carried out for islanded micro-grids considering an expanded state that also includes the system’s frequency. Each of the configurations outputted by the energy management system at each hour are indeed technically sound and coherent from the point of view of generation-consumption balancing by exploiting a frequency dependent load flow algorithm. A Glow-worm Swarm Optimization (GSO) algorithm carried out in a 24 hour time frame provides optimized results. A test has been carried out for a residential PV-Storage-Microturbine islanded micro-grid to show the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed approach and results are compared to an existing solution method recently proposed by the authors.

Gaetano Zizzo*, Universit? degli Studi di Palermo; Eleonora Riva Sanseverino, DEIM University of Palermo; Maria Luisa Di Silvestre, University of Palermo; Binh Van, Institute of Energy Science (IES) Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; Ninh Quang, Institute of Energy Science (IES) Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; Josep M. Guerrero, University of Aalborg; Quynh Tran, University of Palermo

475

A Two-Phase Three-Wire Quasi-Z-Source based Railway Power Quality Compensator for AC Rail Networks

Power quality (PQ) problems of AC railway systems have become a major obstacle so that over the years different compensation methods have been introduced to dominate them. Railway Power Quality Compensator (RPQC) is one of the effective strategies which had been presented with different structures and compensation methods. However, these conditioners basically have high capacity and also high potential to be exposed to destruction due to the shoot-through switching. In this paper a quasi Z-source based Railway Power Quality Compensator (qZRPQC) is proposed to improve mentioned problems. The proposed configuration is based on two-phase, three-wire converter composed of two step-down transformers connected to the two adjacent sections of the traction power substation. Despite having the all features of traditional RPQC, the proposed configuration can decrease the rating of the converter and increase the efficiency and reliability. In order to verify the performance and effectiveness of the proposed strategy the precise simulation results have been provided.

476

Influence of the soil resistivity uncertainty on BFR computation

An extensive experimental campaign took place in 2008 allowing to characterize the soil resistivity in Continental Portugal. Hundreds of thousands of measurements were carried out in 1600 acquisition points, resulting in validated experimental data for 1554 locations. Acquired data include apparent resistivity (at different depths), geology, soil porosity, infiltration capacity, water retention capacity, clay content, evapo-transpiration (water cycle at the soil surface), precipitation and piezometric level. The resulting resistivity map of Continental Portugal is divided into 10 km x 10 km cells, showing the expected values of the soil resistivity, for the dry and wet representative months (August and May, respectively), at 1.5 and 4.0-meter depth. Based on these experimental results, and considering the different geological formations, the authors developed a probabilistic model of the soil resistivity. Different probabilistic distributions have been considered (Gamma, Log-normal, Weibull and Exponential). The Weibull distribution having proved the most adequate, 40 different geological formations were characterized, by fitting the experimental data. In the present paper, the developed soil resistivity probabilistic model is incorporated in backflashover computation. Results are compared with those obtained by considering a deterministic value for the ground resistivity.

Maria Teresa Correia de Barros*, IST-Universidade de Lisboa; Margarida Simões Alves, Labelec-Energias de Portugal

477

A Distributed Control Approach for DG Integration and Power Quality Management in Railway Power Systems

Today’s railroad systems have completely entered the railway electrification era, especially with the rising demand for faster speed, more stable operation and more passenger traffic. Although special electrical traction systems are applied to provide power for railway load, major power quality issues on railway power systems (RPS) still exist. This paper addresses the Volt/VAR control problem on RPS considering distributed generation (DG) connected with smart inverters. An economic Volt/VAR sensitivity analysis approach is developed to obtain ideal reactive power demand from DG units. An adaptive energy reserve method is presented to adjust renewable energy storage mode, which provides reasonable ideal active power dispatch. A multi-objective function is presented, the global optimization is to decrease system losses and maintain the voltage profile in an acceptable range simultaneously. A six bus system is used for control design validation. Comparative results indicate reduction in the system technical losses and the stress on automatic voltage regulation. Easy to implement model without hard to design parameters and high efficiency highlight potential aspects for real-life applications.

Weijie Pan*, University of Florida; Arturo S. Bretas, University of Florida

478

Evaluation of the Effect of Wind Farms with Doubly-Fed Induction Generators on Steady State Voltage

Wind power, like the other renewable energy resources, is geographically expanded, at the same time, dispersed, decentralized and always accessible. With the everincreasing growth of electricity demand, wind farms contribution is remarkable in this regard and they have enormous effect on power system. Accordingly, this intermittent and new energy resource influences impressively the stability of the power system. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to improve the voltage stability of the power system. Utilizing this new method leads to the improved voltage stability margin in power system integrating wind farms with high power injection. This enhancement is, of course, the result of controlling voltage of the doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) in wind turbines and analysing the precise load flow in the case studies.

Milad Gheydi*, 1Young Researchers and Elites

479

Comparative Study of Conventional SVPWM Algorithms in terms of Producing Harmonics and the Effect of the Harmonics on Induction Motor

This paper focuses mainly on the effect of various voltage-source inverter modulation techniques on induction motor using space vector pulse width modulation (PWM). The comparative study is done on frequency spectrum of machine's major parameters waveform. Thus, four different algorithms are evaluated for PWM of space vectors: conventional continuous PWM with active vectors each of which are centred in half-cycle, non-continuous 30-degree, 60-degree, and 120-degree modulations. Finally, simulations are carried out for the comparison of aforementioned algorithms considering harmonic production in main parameters of induction machine.

Milad Gheydi*, 1Young Researchers and Elites

480

Impact of Wind Farm and Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitors in Voltage, Active and Reactive Power in Normal Condition of Network

This paper aims are improving voltage profile and reducing the losses of active and reactive powers. For simulation purposes, the standard IEEE 14 buses network has been used. Response of the wind turbines in this network should be noted while losing the power network. With regard to the improvement of the voltage profile and reduction of the losses in critical buses, the reactive power resources, i.e. thyristor-switched series capacitors, are used on the mentioned circumstances. In this study, the required amount of wind turbines and thyristorswitched capacitors are placed, then the different conditions are individually and simultaneously considered using genetic algorithms with/without the wind turbines and thyristorswitched series capacitors in normal situation of the network. The results indicate that using thyristor-switched capacitors together with the wind farm can provide enough active and reactive power for the network which leads to an increase on the network capacity and a decrease on its losses using genetic algorithms.

Milad Gheydi*, 1Young Researchers and Elites

481

Induced Pipeline Voltage Near-by Hybrid Transmission Lines

The aim of this paper is to calculate the induced voltage, nearby hybrid transmission lines. Two hybrid transmission lines are simulated and modeled. The first line is double-circuit operating with ac voltage of 220 kV and bipolar circuit with a dc voltage of ±500 kV, while the second line is with flat configuration operating at 500 kV ac and of ±500 kV. The induced voltage on pipeline is calculated due the mutual effect of the electric field of these lines. The charge simulation technique and COMSOL computer package are used for calculating the electric field underneath the hybrid lines with and without pipelines and are used to determine the induced voltage on the pipelines. The maximum induced voltage is 9.5 kV for the first line at spacing (S) of 10 m and DC circuit height of 15.7 m against 4.3 kV for height of 24.9 m. The corresponding values for the second line at the same spacing S of 10 m are 7.08 and 3.1 kV for DC circuit heights of 19.1 m and 30 m respectively. The maximum induced voltage on the pipeline is slightly changed due to changing the phase sequence of the AC circuit and the spacing between AC and DC circuits.

Mohamed Samy*, Beni-Suef University; Ahmed Emam, Cairo University

482

Optimizing Line Power flows by Shunt Capacitor Placement using Synchrophasor Technology

Power system stability is a serious concern of power system engineers and utilities especially after the recent occurrences of major events of black outs. Power factor improvement devices such as capacitors, optimally placed in series or shunt in any given network can improve its voltage as well as angular stability. Thermal limits of lines can be observed as the system is visible at all times through synchrophasor data. For this, New England 39 Bus system is used as test system. The simulations are carried out on PSSE. Compensation on selective buses is carried out using sensitivity analysis.

Samiya Zafar*, NED University of Engineering; Muhammad Ali Memon, NED University of Engineering and Technology

483

Optimizing Line Power Flows by Series Capacitor Placement

Since series capacitors change the effective transmission line inductive reactance, addition of series capacitors in lines can increase the amount of power transmitted on the same lines. Series capacitors provide reactive power, which can improve the system power factor and help in improving voltage profile. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to select some of the most effective lines for compensation. Results have been compiled for the network voltage and angular stability after compensation on sensitive buses.

Samiya Zafar*, NED University of Engineering; Muhammad Ali Memon, NED University of Engineering and Technology

484

Sapienza Smart Campus - From the matrix approach to the applicative analysis of an optimized garbage collection system

University campuses can be developed and improved through the application of the Smart concept. Previous researches have proposed a Smart Campus model based on incidence matrices in order to choice suitable integrated strategies. This methodological framework has been applied on Sapienza, University of Rome. The winner strategy resulting from the Environmental evaluation has been numerically simulated and the results have shown its impacts in terms of energy, environmental and economic perspectives.

Francesca Pagliaro*, Sapienza Universit? di Roma; Benedetta Mattoni, Sapienza Universit? di Roma; Fabio Nardecchia, Sapienza; Vito Ponzo, Sapienza; Giulio Corona, Sapienza; Fabio Bisegna, Universita degli studi di Roma Sapienza; Franco Gugliermetti, Sapienza University

486

A quantitative evaluation of the mutual influences among Smart strategies applied at district level

Cities play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving energy efficiency. The Smart city concept, applied at different territorial levels, is one of most famous frameworks for improving the performance of cities. Smart planning model should allow to identify solutions in a coordinated and holistic way. Starting from these considerations, in this paper the authors has focused on the quantitative evaluation of the mutual influences among Smart strategies applied at a district level. An ideal sustainable district was analyzed and two improved scenarios (Smart interventions on buildings and green areas) were carried out. The aim is to evaluate if and to what extent these actions would have an impact form the energy, environment end economy points of view compared to the base case scenario. Simulation results of the three scenarios showed significant differences from the energy, environmental and economic perspectives.

Benedetta Mattoni*, Sapienza Universit? di Roma; Fabio Nardecchia, Sapienza; Stefano Buscaglione, ; Alessio Benelli, ; Francesca Pagliaro, Sapienza Universit? di Roma; Chiara Burattini, Sapienza University

487

Matching macro- and micro-scopic approaches for the evaluation of traffic management impacts

The paper focuses on the evaluation of the combined effect of Traffic Signal Control Strategy (TSC) and Variable Message Sign (VMS). With reference to the TSC a dynamic selection strategy based on the macroscopic flow variables was considered for off-line traffic signal plans design. However the combination of two ITS solutions, TSC and VMS, was tested through microscopic approach by SUMO which allows to directly simulate the pollutant emissions and fuel consumptions.

Stefano De Luca, University of Salerno; Roberta Di Pace, University of Salerno; Silvio Memoli, University of Salerno; Luigi Pariota*, University of Naples

488

Assessing Capacity Credit of a Solar Photovoltaic Farm in an Island Power System

Mauritius is targeting to significantly increase its electricity generation capacity through solar photovoltaic technologies in the future. The uncontrollable and unpredictable nature of the power output from these technologies could lead to power system reliability issues. In this context, the capacity credit of an operational 15 MW solar photovoltaic farm is evaluated using a Hierarchical Level 1 analysis based on Effective Load Carrying Capability. The Loss of Load Expectation for the power system is found to be 0.145 hours/year while the capacity credit of the solar photovoltaic farm is 23.9%. These results indicate that the generation capacity of power system is adequate to supply consumers with minimum risk of energy shortage. Moreover, the high value of the capacity credit is due to the very low penetration rate of intermittent renewable energy in the grid. Further simulations show that the capacity credit will decrease below 10% if penetration rates reach 20%.

Vishwamitra Oree*, University of Mauritius; ghirendra Sewtohul, University of Mauritius

490

Study of energy performance and analysis of possible retrofit strategies in a public school building in Rome

Schools represent a large slice of the non-residential building stock if you think that their usual users spend a lot of time time in their spaces. This paper presents a study of the energy performance in a school building in Rome. The main purpose is the determination of the energy demands according to UNI TS 11300 and the comparison of these results with those obtained by means of dynamic analyses and with the actual energy consumptions. This issue is very important not only because of the criticality of current energy situation but also because the reasons of the energy wastes are strongly related to the inefficiencies in the management of structures and technologic plants which may be widely avoided with smart and low cost interventions.

Andrea Vallati*, Università degli Studi di Roma "Sapienza"; Stefano Grignaffini, Università degli Studi di Roma "Sapienza"; Marco Romagna, Università degli Studi di Roma "Sapienza"; Luca Mauri, Università degli Studi di Roma

491

Use of AHP in decision making for road safety actions: the case study of Naples

The paper focuses on the application of an AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) procedure for helping the decision maker in the selection of the road maintenance actions which allow for improving safety conditions and optimizing the interchanges among some strategic areas of the municipality of Naples.

SILVIO MEMOLI*, MUNICIPALITY OF NAPLES; Mario Calabrese, Municipality of Naples; Pasquale Di Pace, Municipality of Naples; Nicola Pascale, Municipality of Naples

494

Lighting of Recreation Grounds as a Source of Sky Glow - the influence of Luminaire Type on this Phenomenon

The use of outdoor lighting can be linked to alteration of the natural levels of darkness of the night sky. This effect is known as sky glow which is a kind of light pollution. Too much light pollution has consequences: it washes out starlight in the night sky, interferes with astronomical research, disrupts ecosystems, has adverse health effects and wastes energy. There are number of referred journal papers where is described the influence of light source SPDs (spectral power distribution) on this phenomenon. Based on those papers is well know that light sources with high value of CCT (correlated color temperatures) i.e LEDs (light emitting diodes) or MH (metal halogen), are creating more light pollution in the night than light sources which are having low value of CCT i.e HPS (high pressure sodium) lamps. That is true, but also are other factors which are influenced level of unwanted light in the night. The most important are luminaire intensity distribution curve (how light is distributed by the lamp) and its location (placement) on the given type of ground. Some papers are describing that is possible to decries light pollution when lamp is fully shielded (light is aimed only downward), but there is no research where is taken together under consideration how given luminaire intensity curve and used in type of light source (it’s SPDs) could influenced light pollution. In this paper the analysis of influence of replacing HPS light source by MH and LED sources, in typical outdoor opal glass type luminaire, on the level of light pollution was carried out. The luminaire under consideration is placed on the ground with different reflective properties – asphalt, betony, soil and grass. Due to our knowledge, which is based on literature revive, this aim of the study makes our paper unique, because up to now, there are no papers which are describing this kind of research subject.

Irena Fryc, Bialystok University of Technology; Fabio Bisegna*, Universita degli studi di Roma Sapienza; Przemysław Tabaka, Lodz University of Technology

495

Integrated control strategy for islanded operation in Smart Grids: virtual inertia and ancillary services

Distributed Generation has been having a growing impact on distribution grids in the last few years. More and more active users are hence involved in grid dynamics, but, because of normative and technical issues, they are not involved in grid management. In order to improve service continuity, active users and generators should be involved in an integrated grid management strategy. In this paper a novel static converter control strategy to obtain frequency and voltage regulation in islanded distribution grid is proposed. A small medium voltage grid will be considered as case study and two situations are investigated. In the former both static and synchronous generation are present, while in the latter only static generation is available. In both cases, converters are supposed to be powered by DC micro-grids comprising of generation and storage devices. Two control strategies will be developed with reference to grid topology. In the first case inverters will be controlled to realize virtual inertia and efficient frequency and voltage regulation. Frequency regulation and virtual inertia will be integrated in a single PID regulator which provides active power reference depending on frequency deviation. This approach allows to emulate a very high equivalent inertia, which reduces frequency transient amplitude, but also to realize fast primary and secondary regulation, which could not be possible with traditional mechanical regulators. Voltage regulation will be obtained through a PI regulator which provides reactive power reference. In the second case, a master-slave approach will be adopted to maximize frequency and voltage stability. The master converter will be operated at fixed frequency, so that the slave will not be involved in frequency regulation. Both converters will contribute to voltage regulation. Simulation results confirm that the proposed control allows islanded operation in full compliance with CEI 0-16 and CEI 0-21 prescriptions.

Simone Negri*, Politecnico di Milano; Enrico Tironi, Politecnico di Milano; Davide Sala Danna,

497

Assessment of EVs pool potential for support of load and storage management in smart grids. Case study based on real data

This paper proposes a contribution to the employment of e-vehicles understood as a storage technology for tackling the challenge of network-compatible integration of renewables and electro mobility. For this purpose, a concept for the integration of mobile energy storage is presented (electric vehicles with V2G capability). This concept was evaluated in real live conditions. In particular, the information and communication technology between an electric vehicle, a charging point and an intelligent control system is considered in detail because it is the foundation for the practical utilization of e-cars serving as mobile storages in electrical gird.

Erik Blasius, BTU Cottbus-Sebftenberg; Przemyslaw Janik, Wroclaw University of Technology; Zbigniew Leonowicz*, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

498

Sensitivity analysis of sampling and clustering techniques for expansion planning models

Short and long term power system planning models are becoming more complex in order to capture current and future market characteristics that comprise of more variability, more uncertainty, and tighter market integration yielding larger geographical areas. In order to keep the models tractable dimension reduction techniques, such as time series sampling and clustering, has become a popular approach by meeting trade-offs in model complexity and tractability. The accuracy of different sampling methods can be measures both in terms of raw data and model output metrics, where the latter one will reveal how good a sampling method fits to that particular model instance. In this paper, we will quantify the robustness of different sampling techniques under different model instances, e.g. by varying the generation mix and demand levels. Our approach will provide more insight into the performance of popular sampling techniques used in power system expansion planning, considering both transmission and generation, combined and separate. We illustrate with an numerical case study of the North Sea Offshore Grid (NSOG) in year 2030, using a bi-level, two-stage stochastic optimization program.

Martin Kristiansen*, NTNU

499

Novel applications of time-resoloved luminescence imaging: From Futurist Paintings to Cross-sections

Recent advances in the analysis of paintings and pigments using a range of analytical imaging techniques based on reflectance and luminescence detection and mapping using X-ray fluorescence and Raman spectroscopies are exciting for conservation. The talk will focus both on the description of developments and applications of imaging-based methods applied with portable instrumentation which have been used in situ and on cross-sections of paint samples. Statistical methods for image analysis will be shown to highlight the potential to treat large datasets and extract useful information regarding pigment distribution on a painted surface. An instrument based on a time-gated CCD and pulsed laser excitation at 532 and 355 nm will be presented, and results will be presented related from the analysis of Egyptian artefacts and the imaging of Futurist paintings. Examples of applications of Time resolved photoluminescence imaging will be shown both for pigments and for works of art. The analysis of pigments and cross-sections, which range from Egyptian Blue to Zinc Oxides and other semiconductors reveals a range of different luminescence lifetimes and decay profiles. The interpretation of data from imaging analysis requires care and we have adopted an approach based on the use of other complementary analytical methods including Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Fluorescence. Advantages and disadvantages of the techniques and further avenues for research and development will be presented.

Austin Nevin*, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotec; Alessia Artesani, Politecnico di Milano; Sara Mosca, Politecnico di Milano; Gianluca Valentini, Politecnico di Milano; Daniela Comelli, DIPARTIMENTO DI FISCA, POLITECICO MILANO

500

Coordinated Control for the Integration of a Large Scale Electric Vehicle Park with PV into the MV Grid

This paper tackles the power quality issues resulting from integrating large-scale Electric Vehicles (EV) parks fed from photovoltaic (PV) arrays into the medium voltage (MV) grid. This was achieved through two stages: probabilistic forecasting of the EV load pattern and coordinating the power injected from the systems’ inverters to support the voltage stability according to the Spanish grid code P.O.12.2, enhance power factor (pf), and support frequency stability even under pulsed load condition. The dynamics of the control loops were investigated in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment. Results proved the effectiveness of the coordinated control in supporting the voltage and frequency profiles and enhancing pf as well at the point of common coupling (PCC) with the host grid.

Osama Mohammed*, Florida International University; Abla Hariri, Florida International University; Hassan Eldeeb, Florida International Universi

501

Deployment of Electric Vehicles in an Adaptive Protection Technique for Riding through Cyber Attack Threats in Microgrids

The fault current level is different in grid connected and islanded microgrid fault cases for the same relay due to large integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) in the latter. Therefore, protection systems must be adaptive and assisted with extensive communication networks to respond to the dynamic changes in the microgrid configurations. However, the microgrid must be protected even under the conditions of a cyber-attack which will render the communication link insecure or down. This paper proposes an adaptive protection scheme abiding by IEC 61850 communication standard for radial or looped microgrids that will be capable of riding-through communication failures by the aid of Electric Vehicle (EV) Parks. The control of the EV Park can identify a fault in the AC side based on direct measurements of frequency and voltage without the need for a communication signal. The most critical case is when the microgrid is islanded and the communication is down. In this case, the control will adjust the operation of the connected EVs to inject a high current into the microgrid as demanded by the fault, allowing the relays to operate properly. The effectiveness of the proposed protection scheme will be evaluated through detailed simulation. The anticipated result is the successful operation of the protective devices during the various modes of operation.

Osama Mohammed*, Florida International University; Hany Habib, Florida International University; Ahmed Elsayed, Florida International University; Abla Hariri, Florida International University

502

Installation, Commissioning and Acceptance Tests of the Switching Network Units for the Central Solenoids of JT-60SA

JT-60SA is an international tokamak being built in Naka (Japan) as a joint collaboration between Europe and Japan for the applied researches on the use of nuclear fusion as a new energy source. The procurement of the different systems composing JT-60SA is managed as in-kind contribution shared between European and Japanese institutions. The procurement of the Switching Network Units (SNUs) for the Central Solenoids (CS) is supported by Europe. After a four-year design and manufacturing in Europe, the JT-60SA CS SNUs and the related components were delivered to Japan in October 2016. This paper describes the activities for the on-site installation, commissioning and tests of this procurement.

Filippo Burini, OCEM; Giuseppe Taddia*, OCEM Energy Technology; Sandro Tenconi, OCEM; Makoto Matsukawa, QST; katsuhiro Shimada, QST; Luca Novello, F4E; Antti Jokinen, F4E; Alessandro Lampasi, ENEA Frascati

503

An improvement of modified transmission line models of lightning strokes

Some suitable lightning current attenuation factors are presented in the paper and used within modified transmission line models of lightning strokes for the computation of lightning electromagnetic field. In comparison to other models results at various distances from lightning discharges, these factors provide electric and magnetic field waveshapes closer to experimentally obtained. Compared to the linear and exponential decaying as in some models, here proposed factors assume that the lightning current is more attenuated closer to the channel base and to the channel top, but lesser at about the half of the channel height. Although lightning discharges differ much from each other, a lightning stroke model is considered suitable if it results in some of the noticed characteristics in measured electromagnetic field at certain distances from the lightning strike point.

Vesna Javor*, University of Nis

504

Contracted Generation Verification in Hydro-dominated Electricity Markets

The power industry reform in China brings new challenges for the security and stability operation of the power system in hydro-dominated electricity markets. In this study, an integrated method is presented for verifying the feasibility and the executability of the contracted generation formed in the Power Exchange. The integrated method consists of four parts: first to forecast the inflows of large hydropower plants, and then evaluate their generation capacities, compared with their contracted generation. After that, monthly load curve is forecasted with hourly time intervals. Finally, an improved load shedding method is proposed in power and energy balance analysis to determine whether the balance of system will achieve. The proposed method is effective and efficient for verifying the feasibility and the executability of the contracted generation, and it is an important ex ante measure for ensuring the security and stability operation of the power system, as demonstrated in the real case study.

Fu Chen*, Dalian university of technolog; Rui Cao, ; Chuntian Cheng, ; Gang Li, ; Xiufeng Li,

505

Economic Analysis of Net Metering Regulations for Residential Consumers in Pakistan

Net metering is used to incentivize the distributed generation owners. It is introduced in Pakistan with the aim to promote the building integrated local generation. Presently, it is hard to find any study on the economic incentive indicators of the net metering policy for residential customers in Pakistan. This paper presents the economic evaluation of net metering benefits to the individual residential consumers in the presence of Building Integrated PV (BIPV) system under current net metering regulations in Pakistan. The energy demand of the individual apartments and the common area services inside the building is calculated by means of daily energy usage of the residents for a typical day. The aggregate demand of the residential building, comprising of 100 residential units and common area services, is calculated. The estimation of power profiles of the PV generation system is carried out with the help of PVGIS. At the end, the economic analysis of the proposed net metering scheme is presented. The net metering policy is found to be feasible up-to 50 kWp PV capacity when it is applied on the common area services only and the billing is carried out individually. When it is applied on the aggregate energy demand of the entire residential building, the annual savings are observed for installed PV capacity above 80 kWp.

Waqas Ur Rehman, ; Intisar Ali Sajjad*, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Tax; Dr. Tahir Nadeem Malik, University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila, Pakistan; Luigi Martirano, University of Rome Sapienza; Matteo Manganelli, DIAEE - University of Rome Sapienza

507

Impedance Estimation of FEA’s Grid in Fiji Islands by V-I Measurement by Using the Synchronous Reference Frame-PLL

In recent years there has been a significant increase in distributed renewable energy generation feeding into the grid , with resulting detriment of the stability of the network. since present networks have not been designed for this purpose. To feed-in these renewable energy sources with minimum impact, it is essential to know a few grid parameters (voltage, current, grid impedance) at the point in which power supply is convenient. For this purpose in this paper an algorithm is proposed to obtain the estimated network impedance. This algorithm operates in time domain by a synchronous reference coordinate transformation, it requires only the measurement of the phase voltage with no-load and the voltage and current with a recognized load. This method has been applied to determine the grid impedance of the Fiji Electricity Authority (FEA) grid in Fiji (Viti Levu).

Gianpaolo Vitale*, CNR-ISSIA; Maurizio Cirrincione, School of Engineering and Physics The University of the South Pacific; F. M. Rabiul Islam, School of Engineering and Physics The University of the South Pacific; Paolo Nogara, University of Palermo

508

Analytical Models of EMI Sources for Power Electronic Converters

This paper proposes a mathematical model to predict equivalent EMI noise sources, representing converters’ behaviour. Firstly, the model based on EMI sources, modelling the converter’s EMC behaviour, is built. Then, since it is a parameter model, the identification is done by an experimental test. The model is tested by a time domain simulations using LTspice software. Finally, an experimental setup is installed in order to validate the converter’s model by measurements.

Achour Ales*, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique / Polytechnic institut of Grenoble

509

Environmentally Committed Short-Term Planning of Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Renewable Based DG Siting and Sizing

This extended abstract proposes an environmentally committed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to find the best plan for the electrical distribution systems (EDSs) in a short-term planning horizon. In this regard, the energy delivered by the substation and the total investment cost are minimized while the stochasticity related with the demand and photovoltaic (PV) generation is modeled via external uncertainty indexes. Considering PV generation, switchable and fixed capacitor banks (CBs), conductor replacement, as well as operating costs, results in a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model. However, to obtain the globally optimal solution, this highly nonlinear model, using appropriate linearization techniques, is recast to a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a 42-node system is considered in detail.

Ozy Daniel Melgar Dominguez, UNESP; Mahdi Pourakbari Kasmaei*, UNESP, UCLM; Marina Lavorato, ; Jose Sanches Mantovani, Universidade Estadual Paulista

510

Contribution of radar meteor scatter technology to NEO and ozone layer monitoring

The paper reports experimental observations performed with the radar meteor scatter technology using an equipment installed on the Planetarium and Astronomical Observatory of Gorga. Since the relationship between Near Earth Objects and meteor stream, the technique, with a constant monitoring of the sky, may be able to identify unobserved Near Earth Object. Further improvements would also allow the identification of space debris.

Claudio Paris*, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi; Vincenzo Gagliarducci, ; Antonio Gerardi, Osservatorio Astronomico di Gorga

511

Inductive Power Transfer: through a Bondgraph Analogy, an Innovative modal Approach

There is a wide research interest in the field of design and optimization of inductive power transfer systems due to increasing diffusion of sustainable electric powered transportation systems involving the development of both conventional and autonomous ground, air and marine vehicles. In this work authors, focused their attention on a consolidated toy benchmark (a cylindrical inductive pattern fed by a resonant converter), to introduce, test and validate an innovative approach based on the analogy between electromagnetic systems and mechanical ones. In this way, many key features of resonant inductive power transfer systems should be modelled and understood using methodologies previously developed for the study of mechanical vibrating systems and widely adopted for the optimization and control of suspension systems. In this work an example is validated both on a simplified experimental setup and on the corresponding Finite Element model, showing feasibility and advantages deriving from the proposed approach.

Alberto Reatti*, University of Florence; Fabio Corti, ; Luca Pugi, University of Florence; Rosa Mastromauro, University of Florence

514

Self-adaptive Protection Strategies for Distribution System with DGs and FCLs Based on Data Mining and Neutral Network

With the rapid increase in the demand for power, equipping power systems with distributed energy resources (DERs) has become a trend. In addition, fault current limiters (FCLs) may be installed to prevent the short circuit current from exceeding the current capacity of the power equipment. However, those mentioned above have a strong influence on the protective system. This paper proposes protection strategies for distribution systems with DERs and FCLs. Via the proposed approach, the relays with communication ability can determine their own operating settings on the basis of a fourier-transform pre-procesor and decision tree. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed protection strategies are verified by implementing in distribution system. Simulation results reveal that the proposed strategies are effective for the protective schemes of the power systems with DERs and FCLs.

WENJUN TANG*, Research Center for Energy Tec; Hong-Tzer Yang, Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, Department of Electrical En

515

Time Series Analysis Techniques Applied to Transportation Noise

The need to assess acoustic noise produced by transportation means is very important in urban areas and, more in general, in proximity of any infrastructure, such as motorway, railway, airport, etc.. Acoustic noise, in fact, represents one of the most relevant externalities in inhabited areas. The approach hereby presented is based on the Time Series Analysis (TSA) techniques. These techniques are well known in the economic area, in which they are largely used to analyze time series related, for instance, to market index, currency values, stock, etc.. The authors developed several models than can be fruitfully applied to acoustic noise level prediction and tested them on datasets related to transportation systems. The key point of this approach is the possibility to decompose the time series slope in three components: trend, i.e. the long term behavior, seasonality, i.e. the periodicity of the data, and random component, i.e. the stochastic part of the series that cannot be deterministically predicted. In this paper, the authors present some models based on the TSA techniques, that can be used to assess and predict noise pollution in areas in which transportation infrastructures are located. These models take in input only the measurements of noise in previous periods and do not need any other information (despite of statistical models that need for instance the number of vehicles, trains or aircrafts, etc.). For this reason, they are extremely flexible and easy to be used.

Claudio Guarnaccia*, University of Salerno; Joseph Quartieri, University of Salerno; Carmine Tepedino, University of Salerno

516

An Improved PSO Algorithm for High Accurate Parameter Identification of PV Model

Accurate and practical photovoltaic (PV) models are very important for simulation of PV power systems. However, it is complicated to extract all PV model parameters due to limited information. With the aim of improving accuracy and reducing complexity, this paper proposes a novel method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to determine the unknown PV model parameters. To obtain the output characteristics of PV under different conditions, the I-V equation for PV model with only one unknown parameter is introduced. The PSO technology is applied for parameter identification, which adopts some improvements in the iterative process to ensure the effective convergence. The improved PSO-based method is verified with PV modules of different technologies.

Lili Gong, Southeast university; Wu Cao*, ; jianfeng Zhao,

517

Planning of Low-Voltage Distribution Systems with Uncertainty on Load Demand in Urban Areas

In a long-term planning procedure of distribution networks, it is essential to design an appropriate topology in order to satisfy economic and technical aspects. This paper presents a novel algorithm to optimize the topology and phase balancing to tackle the challenge of load demand uncertainty (i.e., growth rate and new load). The paper aims at developing a long-term planning tool of low-voltage (LV) distribution systems to find which load connection phase induces the lowest costs (investment and power losses) and balancing system improvement while satisfying the constraints over the planning horizon. A mixed integer quadratically constrained programming (MIQCP)-arborescence flow and shortest path in parallel with first-fit bin packing are developed to realize this work. In this study, an example of LV distribution system with 33 buses is applied to be a case study of the initial planning year. To evaluate the results, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method is employed to determine the statistical actualized costs of different strategies. The simulation results support the validity of the methodology proposed in this article.

Vannak VAI*, Grenoble-INP; Egor Gladkikh, Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble-INP); Bertrand RAISON, ; Marie-Cecile ALVAREZ-HERAULT, ; Long BUN, Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC)

518

BUSSARD – The High Current High Bandwidth Multiple-Phases Inverter for ASDEX Upgrade

The generated magnetic field of 16 coils for the control of magneto-hydrodynamic instabilities (1.3 kA each, 500 Hz bandwidth) installed into the nuclear fusion experiment ASDEX Upgrade have to be freely adjustable in space and time. Therefore, a 16-phases, fast-switching IGBT-based inverter system, dubbed BUSSARD, was designed and implemented.

Markus Teschke*, MP Institute f. Plasma Physics; Wolfgang Suttrop, MP Institute f. Plasma Physics; Nils Arden, MP Institute f. Plasma Physics; Michael Rott, MP Institute f. Plasma Physics; Horst Eixenberger, MP Institute f. Plasma Physics; Michael Schandrul, MP Institute f. Plasma Physics

519

State Estimation of Active Distribution System Based on the Factor Graph Analysis and Belief Propagation Algorithm

With the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources, the operating characteristics of distribution system are becoming more and more complex. In this context, a novel state estimation method based on the factor graph analysis and belief propagation algorithm is proposed. First of all, measurement functions of state estimation are linearized using simple variable substitutions. Then, relevant theories are introduced from several aspects, such as factor graph and belief propagation algorithm, etc. Finally, an IEEE 33 simulation model is utilized to evaluate the performance of BP algorithm. The results show that compared with general methods, BP algorithm not only can improve the estimation accuracy, but also has an obvious advantage in computing time.

Chenhui Yin*, China Agricultural University

520

Statistical analysis of Lithium-ion batteries using SystemC-WMS

One of the critical aspects of the use and management of lithium-ion battery packs is the statistical variations of the electro-chemical-thermal characteristics of the single cells. When the cells are placed in series or in parallel the effect of the mismatch among the cells causes degradation of the performances of the battery pack. This paper presents a simulation environment for the statistical analysis of the performances of a battery pack affected by statistical variations of the parameters among the cells in the same battery pack.

Simone Orcioni*, Universit? Politecnica delle Marche; Adriana Ricci, Universit? Politecnica delle Marche; Luca Buccolini, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche; Massimo Conti, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche

521

Distortion Analysis and Equivalent Impedance Estimation of a Class-D Full-Wave Rectifier

After solid-state revolution in ’70, there was a substantial increasing in the use of switching devices. Because of their non-linear characteristics able to introduce harmonic distortion in supply systems, care has been taken to find mitigation distortion techniques. Popular non-linear load are converters, inverters, electronic ballast, UPS and computer equipment. These waveforms distortion produces harmonics that may cause overheating of conductors, transformer and induction motor and reduces the efficiency and the life of connected load. In this paper the current distortion introduced from a Class-D full wave resonant rectifier used in a Series-Series compensation circuit for wireless power transfer is studied. Usually, to study the circuit as time-invariant system, an equivalent resistance of the rectifier is derived. This one is calculated under pure sinusoidal input current hypothesis. Unfortunately, this conditions is verified only in a short range of load resistance. For light load the input current rectifier is distorted and this phenomenon produces more power stresses in the semiconductor diode and reduces the power delivered to the load, making highly inaccurate the pure-sinusoidal model. In this paper a general approach to derive a rectifier equivalent impedance that consider the effect of distortion to the output power is presented.

Alberto Reatti*, University of Florence; Fabio Corti, ; Maria Cristina Piccirilli, DINFO - UNIFI; Marian Kazimierczuk, Electrical Engineering - Wright State University; Aghasthya Ayachit, Wright State University; Andrea Nepote, ; Piero De La Pierre,

522

Experimental Validation of a Thirteen Level H-Bridge Photovoltaic Inverter Configuration

High efficiency and compact multilevel inverters are desirable in many applications such as wind farms, solar energy harvesting and electric vehicles. This paper proposes a Single-Phase thirteen level inverter control method employing semiconductor power devices for photovoltaic applications. The unique configuration of multilevel voltage source inverters enables large voltages with low harmonics without the use of transformers or series associated synchronized switching devices. The general role of the multilevel inverter is to synthesize a desired voltage from several levels of dc voltages. Therefore multilevel inverters can satisfy the large electric power requirements for high power devices. The proposed inverter system based on a simple H-bridge inverter structure provides accurate voltage control and excellent efficiency. The proposed inverter is demonstrated using MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation software and experimental validation is executed using high-efficiency ARM controller.

Sandra Dudley*, London South Bank University; AbdelHamid Loukriz, London South Bank University; Terence Quinlan, University of Essex; Stuart Walker, University of Essex

524

Short-Circuit Analysis in Three-Phase Quasi-Z-source inverter

In this paper, the short-circuit fault in three-phase quasi-Z-source inverter (q-ZSI) is analyzed and a linear model is proposed for the short-circuit analysis. The proposed model is based on the state space equations of the system. By using this model, the most critical situation during short-circuit fault is recognized; the maximum reaction time for the protection system is estimated and elements that are prone to failure are identified as well. The analysis is categorized into two groups, leg fault and switch fault. The linear model is confirmed by simulation of 1kw three-phase q-ZSI.

Mokhtar Yaghoubi*, Amirkabir university of technology; Javad Shokrollahi Moghani, Amirkabir University of Technology; Negar Noroozi, ; Mohammad Reza Zolghadri, Sharif University of Technology

525

Coordinated Distribution Network Reconfiguration and Distributed Generation Allocation via Genetic Algorithm

Driven by several factors (structural, environmental, technical and economic), the incorporation of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) in power systems has been growing steadily. However, RESs introduce significant operational variability and uncertainty to the distribution system, making operation, planning and control rather complicated. Framed in this context, this work presents a new method to quantify the impacts of network reconfiguration on the level of renewable power integrated in the system. To carry out this analysis, a tailored-made Genetic Algorithm (GA) based optimization model is developed. The proposed model is tested on a 16-node system. Numerical results show the positive contributions of network reconfiguration on increasing the level of renewable DG penetration, leading to a better voltage profile, substantially reduced costs and losses in the operational stage.

Marco Cruz, UBI; Desta Fitiwi*, University of Beira Interior; Sérgio Santos, University of Beira Interior; João P.S. Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto

526

Improved Wind Energy Production Prediction for Remote Aegean Sea Islands

Weibull is the most established analytical probability distribution for the description of the wind potential in specific locations around the globe. Acknowledging this, the most common methods of Weibull estimation are currently evaluated for different, representative remote islands of the Aegean Sea. Accordingly, based on the fairly good evaluation of theoretical energy yield results, a new method for estimating Weibull is developed (i.e. the "E-Weibull") that aims at the improved description of a given wind regime in terms of wind energy yield. To this end, the energy-adjusted "E-Weibull" is next applied in the Aegean Sea area, with energy yield results being favourably compared with the ones produced by all other methods.

John Kaldellis, Piraeus University of Applied Sciences; Dimitrios Zafirakis, Technological Educational Inst; Emilia Kondili*, Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus (TEIP) - Soft Energy Applications

527

Coordination of directional overcurrent relays using an ant colony optimization algorithm for mixed-variable optimization problems

In this paper, coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) using an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is presented. The ACO performed is an extension of the ACOR algorithm for continuous optimization to tackle mixed-variable optimization problems, reduced in two types of variables both continuous and categorical. The coordination is a non-linear programming problem (NLP), usually solved with a linear programing technique (LP) only considering the time dial setting (TDS) as a decision variable, without dealing with the non-linear problem of plus setting (PS), or solving the PS component using a heuristic technique like the genetic algorithm (GA). In this study, both TDS and PS are decision variables, TDS is considered continuous and PS categorical. Parameters are adjusted according to literature to guarantee performance. The ACO algorithm has proved high probability of solving a problem when a high number of function evaluations exist. For testing this methodology two transmission systems (3 and 8 Bus accordingly) were evaluated to compare with the literature demonstrating effectiveness of the algorithm.

Angel Labrador Rivas*, State University of Londrina; Luis Gallego Pareja,

528

Condition Monitoring of Circuit Breakers: Current Status and Future Trends

Circuit breakers (CBs) as vital switching equipment are utilized throughout the power system. The reliable operation of CBs are of utmost importance. Unplanned failures of CBs could result in catastrophic consequences for valuable equipment in the electricity grid. This paper presents a systematic review of recent research and developments regarding the condition assessments of CBs. Brief explanations to various techniques are discussed and an analytical perspective towards the condition monitoring of CBs is recommended for the future work.

Behnam Feizifar*, Istanbul Technical University

531

Energy Theft and Defective Meters Detection in AMI Using Linear Regression

Electricity theft is always a ticklish problem faced by utilities around the world. To mitigate and detect energy theft, utilities are leveraging on the consumers' energy consumption dataset obtained from advanced metering infrastructure to identify anomalous consumption patterns. However, real energy theft sample as well as the distribution station smart meter readings do not exist in Malaysia because smart grid is not fully implemented. Therefore, we design and construct a small-scaled advanced metering infrastructure test rig in the laboratory to evaluate the performance and reliability of our previous proposed linear regression-based detection schemes for energy theft and defective meters in small grid environment. Simulations and electrical tests are conducted and the results show that the proposed algorithms can successfully detect all the fraudulent consumers and discover faulty smart meters in smart grids.

Sook Chin Yip*, Multimedia University; Chia Kwang Tan, Um Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya; Wooi Nee Tan, MMU; Ming Tao Gan, MMU; Ab Halim Bin Abu Bakar, Um Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya

532

Improving the hosting capacity of photovoltaic distributed generators in low voltage distribution systems by using demand response

With the technology advent that enables the implementation of Smart Grids, studies analyzing the transformation of nowadays networks in the new topology are important for the transition process. In this paper we use real data from a smart grid deployment project to analyze low voltage distribution systems with different levels of photovoltaic distributed generation penetration, smart metering and then we discuss how a new energy tariff scheme can contribute to increase the grid capacity to host new distributed energy resources. We used the hourly capacity marginal costs model to build the new tariffs in order to consider the generation profile from the photovoltaic panels. We observed that for future high photovoltaic generation penetration scenarios the proposed new energy pricing scheme could avoid voltage levels surplus, and, consequently, improve the grid´s hosting capacity.

Saulo Moreira*, UNESP - BR; Dionízio Paschoareli, UNESP - Ilha Solteira; Nadya Kalache, UFMS

533

Fault Location in Medium Voltage DC Shipboard Power Systems

In this paper, a fault location technique for medium voltage direct current (MVDC) shipboard power systems is presented. Accurate prediction of the fault location helps in restoration of the power in MVDC shipboard power systems. A portable device using probe power unit (PPU) is used to estimate the location of the fault. The same portable device can be used to locate the fault in different zones of the MVDC shipboard power systems. The location of the fault is estimated using a non-iterative technique based on damping frequency and attenuation of the probe current. The proposed method using PPU is tested for fault close to PPU and different fault resistances. Test results indicate that the proposed method is simple, reliable, effective and accurate in locating the fault in MVDC shipboard power systems.

KARTHIKEYAN MURUGESAN*, VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE; Rengaraj Ramasubbu, SSN College of Engineering, India

536

Design Approaches for EHV OHL “Compact” Tower Grounding Systems

The lightning performance of an EHV overhead transmission line (OHL) largely depends on tower grounding; when high ground flash density values are expected, a proper design of grounding arrangements, focused on their high frequency behavior instead of the conventional power frequency analysis, can significantly reduce the backflashover rate (BFR) of the OHL. A technical-economical optimization is reported, aiming at improving the BFR of an EHV OHL in Brazil, which crosses a region with widely different soil resistivity values, resulting in a compact tower grounding system design. With comparable resistance values at power frequency, the proposed compact grounding system offers better impulse responses than conventional buried counterpoises.

Marco Maccioni*, """Sapienza"" University of Rome"; Fabio Massimo Gatta, """""""Sapienza"""" University of Rome"""; Alberto Geri, """""""Sapienza"""" University of Rome"""; Stefano Lauria, """""""Sapienza"""" University of Rome"""; Francesco Palone, TERNA; Giuseppe Pelliccione, Terna

537

Design of Event-based Active Network Management in a Microgrid Context

This paper presents a methodology that exposes the Colored Petri Net (CPN) formalism as design tool of Active Network Management of a microgrid (MG) system. The decisions on switching the MG state is based on a Voltage Security Assessment Index. Whenever a maximum or a minimum level is reached, the the ANM coordinates a logic strategy to avoid dangerous conditions to MG operation. Besides, in order to bring a more realistic model, it was considered that the control switching assumes probabilistic conditions, which improves the modeling/design framework.

Pedro Machado*, UNIFEI; Luiz Edival Souza, UNIFEI; Jean-Claude Maun, ULB

538

Replacing diesel generators with hybrid renewable power plants: Giglio Smart Island project

Electricity in small remote islands is generally supplied by diesel generators, leading to high energy cost and significant local pollution; the integration of renewable energy sources in such small networks is hindered by stability and reliability issues, as well as environmental constraints. The paper deals with the replacement of diesel generation in Giglio (a small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea), with an hybrid power plant which includes a photovoltaic power plant and a lithium battery energy storage system. Steady-state and dynamic simulations have been carried out, in order to assess network reliability and stability; moreover, environmental impact assessment and authorization issues have been also considered. Results show that the commissioning of the hybrid power plant will enhance power quality and continuity of supply if compared to present diesel generators, evidencing the significant advantages of the proposed solution in terms of energy cost and pollution.

539

Day-Ahead Natural Gas Forecasting Using Nonseasonal Exponential Smoothing Methods

Natural gas is one of the most commonly used energy sources. In real life, natural gas consumption values and the amount of natural gas extracted are required to be equal. Thus, problems with respect to supply and demand are reduced. Problems in the supply side arise from the fact that the demand can not be determined correctly. Therefore, the imbalance in the system should be reduced by correctly determining the demand. In this study, day ahead demand forecast for the natural gas sector is examined. In the day ahead approach, demand estimations are performed using over four years of daily data and applying simple, double, linear, damped trend exponential smoothing methods at different data sizes. The effect of using different sizes of dataset on the demand estimation is tried to be identified. While the results showed that the simple exponential smoothing method gave the best result, the estimations made with the 6-week and extended datasets forecasted more accurate results. In addition, it is observed that the increase in the number of data in the day ahead demand forecast, allows prediction where exponential smoothing methods are used, with a lower error. In this research, the lowest mean absolute percent error (MAPE) for four years is determined as 14%, while the coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.918 with the SES method.

Mustafa Akpinar*, Sakarya University; Nejat Yumusak, Sakarya University

540

Analysis of Weak Low Voltage Grid Topologies – Estonian Case Study

Estonia is a country with sparse population. Hence, Estonian distribution grid operators have to cope with increasing investment risks due to decreasing consumption in sparsely populated areas, which makes finding cost-efficient solutions more important than ever before. This paper describes identification of typical topologies of Estonian weak rural low voltage grid subject to voltage problems – about 9% of feeders were analysed and classified. Knowing typical topologies of a weak low voltage grid enables enhanced modelling of feeders, for example, to find most suitable quality improvement devices or their best locations on the feeders. Besides, studying common structures of power grid facilitates utility to better estimate which type or quantity of needed devices must be purchased and therefore better plan investments.

Kaija Vill*, Tallinn University of Technolo; Argo Rosin, TUT

541

A Novel Demand Side Management Strategy Implementation Utilizing Real-Timing Pricing Schemes

Demand Side Management (DSM) refers to a set of measures targeting at load modifications in periods of high electricity generation costs, supply shortage and grid`s techno-economic constrains. This paper proposes a novel DSM strategy for load management of consumers that are eligible for the implementation of Real-Time Pricing (RTP) schemes. The DSM strategy is formulated as a constrained optimization problem that can be easily solved and therefore, making it an ideal tool for Retailers` decision making framework in day-ahead competitive electricity markets.

George Christoforidis*, Technological Education Institution of Western Macedonia; Ioannis Panapakidis, Technological Education Institution of Western Macedonia

542

Improvement of EVs range by hybrid storage units

The diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) has been limited, in the past century, due to, mainly, technical reasons. The main limit to the diffusion of EVs has been in the energy source onboard and, therefore, in the storage system technology that limits the achievable vehicle range. In recent years, a significant progress has been made in terms of increasing both power and energy density of electrochemical storage devices. This lead to an increasing of the vehicle range making possible the commercialization of EVs. Hybridization of the storage system obtained coupling more than one storage technology could lead to an increased efficiency with a consequent extension of the vehicle range.In this paper, at first, basing on a known test cycle, a control strategy to use the auxiliary device will be proposed. The first important result of this paper will be to establish if the auxiliary device can give benefits in terms of vehicle range and which is the best size to maximize this benefit. In the second part of the paper, the proposed control strategy will be adapted to be used online by the control unit without an a priori knowledge of the driving cycle.

Luigi Piegari*, Politecnico di Milano; Simone Barcellona, Politecnico di Milano; Samuele Grillo, Politecnico di Milano

543

Combining Wavelet Transform and Support Vector Regression Model for Day-Ahead Peak Load Forecasting in the Greek Power System

Day-ahead peak load forecasting is an essential tool for generation units scheduling, unit commitment and generally, in power systems operation in short-term horizon. The scope of the present study is to develop a robust peak load forecasting model for the power system of Greece. The peak load series is decomposed via the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) into low-frequency and high-frequency subseries in the wavelet domain. For each subseries the Support Vector Regression (SVR) model is trained and applied. The final peak load series is obtained by the inverse DWT. The proposed approach leads to lower errors compared to the existing forecasting model used by the Independent Power System Operator (IPSO) SA of the Greek power system.

Ioannis Panapakidis, Technological Education Institution of Western Macedonia; George Christoforidis*, Technological Education Institution of Western Macedonia

544

Analysis of control strategies for compensated inductive power transfer system for electric vehicles charging

Electric Vehicles (EV) are every day more and more important and diffuse in all day life. They represent a new prospective mode of transportation to address environment issues. The major drawback of the present EVs are the long charging times and mechanical hassles with charging cables. The contactless battery charging is a challenging solution to overcome these issues. This paper deals with the topic of stationary wireless battery charging of electric vehicles and, in particular, on the inverter control and compensators sizing in the resonant series-parallel circuit configuration. The paper investigates, by means of simulations, the efficiency of a compensated inductive power transfer system as a function of distance and misalignment between the two pads for a 4 kW stationary EV-charger.

Alberto Dolara*, Politecnico di Milano; Sonia Leva, Politecnico di Milano; Michela Longo, Politecnico di Milano; Francesco Castelli Dezza, Politecnico di Milano; Marco Mauri, Politecnico di Milano

545

Power Pad Design and Optimization for Contactless Electric Vehicle Battery Charging System

The aim of this work is to design the power pad for a wireless charging device for electric vehicles. The device has been modelled and optimized through Finite Element software. The overall system’s behavior was analysed and tested in accordance with the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) directives regarding the exposure of people to the risks arising electromagnetic fields.

Alberto Dolara*, Politecnico di Milano; Sonia Leva, Politecnico di Milano; Michela Longo, Politecnico di Milano; Francesco Castelli Dezza, Politecnico di Milano; Marco Mauri, Politecnico di Milano

548

Research of Controlled Phase Shifter operation on a Physical Model of the Transmission Line

The article describes the approach to carrying experimental studies of controlled phase shifters (CPS) operation on physical model of the transmission line. The objectives of the research are mathematical CPS and power line models verifications used for transmission line operation modes calculations. The basic ratios and methodology for calculation of mathematical model’s parameters from experimental data, as well as the scheme for calculation of transmission line operation modes are presented. The CPS control algorithm adaptation to transmission line operation mode settings changing based on experimental data for it’s the specific location is considered.

Alexander Rozhkov, NRU "MPEI"; Michael Astashev, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky power engineering institute (JSC ENIN) Moscow, Russia; Dmitry Panfilov*, Department of industrial electronics Moscow power engineering institute. Russia

549

A PHIL System Designed for Testing the Dynamic Response of Microgrid Units

A cost-effective power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) system designed for dynamic tests in microgrids (MGs) is discussed in the current paper. For this purpose, the PHIL system includes a four-quadrant power converter, which emulates the MG behavior using a reduced-order model. A photovoltaic (PV) inverter is added as testing unit, while the dynamic event is created by connecting an induction motor load. The proposed system is investigated using experimental results accomplished using a laboratory-scale PHIL system.

Ioan Serban*, Transilvania University of Brasov; Catalin Ion, Transilvania University of Bra

550

Energy-based algorithm for the management of energy storage devices and loads in an active low-voltage micro-grid

This work presents an algorithm that manages the operation of circuit breakers inserted in a micro-grid connected to the main electric distribution system. The micro-grid consists of loads, a photovoltaic plant and is equipped with an energy storage system. The main goal is to limit the average power required to the grid, by shedding and/or dimmering the loads, and maximize the renewable energy production and the self-consumption also through a suitable management of the storage. The effectiveness of the algorithm is evaluated in terms of energy not provided to loads and error with respect to the average power reference. The management is based on a user-defined priority list assigned to loads and energy storage.

Stefania Aramini, Politecnico di Milano; Morris Brenna, Politecnico di Milano; Samuele Grillo*, Politecnico di Milano; Enrico Ragaini, ABB

551

Growth and Characterization of Zinc Oxide/Polyaniline Nanocomposites on Glass Substrate for Solar Cell Application

Zinc oxide/polyaniline (ZnO/PANI) nanocomposites have been successfully grown on glass substrate. Scanning electron micrographs revealed the presence of rods and plate–like structures. Increasing the concentration of NH4OH exhibited size increase of nanostructures. The surface morphology of the nanocomposites significantly changed as the molar concentration of the NH4OH precursor is changed. X–ray diffraction spectra revealed strains in the grown nanostructures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra exhibited shifting of significant peaks suggesting possible interaction of ZnO and the polymer chains of PANI. The measured optical band gap is in good agreement to reported literatures. This result indicates that the ZnO/PANI nanocomposites might be a promising material for solar cell device.

Arnold Alguno*, MSU-Iligan Inst. of Tech.; Arnold Lubguban, MSU-Iligan Inst. of Tech; Reynaldo Vequizo, MSU-Iligan Inst. of Tech.; Katherine Emphasi, MSU-Iligan Inst. of Tech.; Majvell Kay Vequizo, MSU-Iligan Inst. of Tech.; Roberto Malaluan, MSU-Iligan Inst. of Tech.

553

Home HVAC Energy Management and Optimization with Model Predictive Control

The energy demand of the residential sector and the adjacent option for fossil fuels has negative consequences by both greenhouse gases (GHG), CO2 and other air pollutants emissions. Since home energy demand consists mainly of energy requirements for space and water heating along with the energy dedicated for appliances, different strategies that aim to stimulate an efficient use of energy need to be reinforced at all levels of human activity. In this paper a comparison is made between ON/OFF, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) control models of a domestic heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system controlling the temperature of a room. The model of the house with local solar microgeneration is assumed to be located in a Portuguese city. The dwelling of the case study is subject to the local solar irradiance, temperature and 5 Time-of-Use (ToU) electricity rates applied on an entire week of August, 2016. The purpose of the optimisation is to achieve the best compromise between temperature comfort levels and energy costs and also to assess which is the best electricity ToU rate option provided by the electricity retailer for the residential sector.

Radu Godina*, University of Beira Interior; Eduardo M. G. Rodrigues, UBI; Edris Pouresmaeil, ; João P.S. Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto

554

Energy Optimization Strategy with Model Predictive Control with Demand Response

The overall price of energy is gradually increasing as a result of a constant escalating demand and limited supply. Consequently, the idea of demand response is being entertained by researchers and policy makers as a viable solution to the challenges ahead. Thus, new methods that aim to reduce the energy consumptions in the residential sector are required to face such challenges. However, in order to optimize the consumption of energy while guaranteeing a certain level of comfort in the interior of the building could generate several control challenges. The goal of this paper is to compare the performance of control methods such as the Model Predictive Control (MPC), ON/OFF, and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) of a domestic heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system controlling the temperature of a room. The house with local solar microgeneration is modelled approximating a location in a Portuguese city – Évora – pilot in a demand response project. The residence of the case study is subject to the local solar irradiance, temperature and 6 Time-of-Use (ToU) electricity rates applied on an entire week of July, 2016. The aim in this paper is to accomplish the best compromise between temperature comfort levels and energy costs given by the performance of the fittest control method under different ToU rate options.

Radu Godina*, University of Beira Interior; Eduardo M. G. Rodrigues, UBI; Miadreza Shafie-khah, University of Beira Interior; Edris Pouresmaeil, ; João P.S. Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto

555

Simulation Study of a Photovoltaic Cell with Increasing Levels of Model Complexity

This paper focuses on photovoltaic array systems connected to the electric grid. Particularly, the equivalent circuit diagrams representing the photovoltaic cell are presented, including one or two diodes, and the possibility of a parallel capacitor. In order to adequately simulate photovoltaic array systems, the mathematical models should also take into account: the most suitable power converter; optimization through the implementation of the maximum power point tracking and the implementation of the most appropriate control strategies. The mathematical models were implemented in Matlab/Simulink. The Newton–Raphson method was used, because it converges much faster in both cases of positive and negative currents.

Radu Godina*, University of Beira Interior; Eduardo M. G. Rodrigues, UBI; Edris Pouresmaeil, ; João P.S. Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto

556

An Alternative Solution for the Multiple Estimation Problem using Fuzzy Sets

This paper presents a solution for the multiple estimation problem by using a combination of fuzzy sets. With a feeder divided in sections, each fuzzy set is composed of a section and a grade of membership related to the cause of fault occurrences, such as wind, lightning, vegetation, etc. The fuzzy sets must me algebraically summed in order to obtain a final grade of membership for each section. The higher the final grade of membership the most likely is the section to be the fault location. The proposed algorithm has a simple and low implementation cost because all the information used in the method is already available in database of companies, so the method can be easily executed in a usual computer of the operation center.

Jean Rossini*, UFSM; Patrick Farias, UFSM; Adriano Morais, UFSM; Ghendy Junior, UFSM; Guilherme Costa, Federal University of Santa Maria

557

Characterization of alteration processes of pigments exposed to acetic and formic acid vapors

This contribution investigates the chemical modifications of different historic inorganic pigments exposed to acetic and formic acid vapors produced naturally by wood. The production of acetic and formic acid vapors from wood is well known and the interaction with different materials as metals, limestone or glass was already investigated, but no researches were performed on the pigments. The pigments modification process represents one of the most important causes of artworks deterioration because concerns directly the pictorial film and its colors. In fact, most of the mobile polychromatic artworks, as paintings or manuscripts, are held in indoor areas where they could directly exposed to the acid vapors from the wood of e.g. floors or furniture or cases. In order to study this kind of degradation, four pigments, as well as Azurite, Red Lead, Tin-Lead Yellow and White Lead, were selected on the basis of their chemical composition and historical widespread employment; in addition, Gypsum was investigated because its widespread use as ground layer in the artworks. Different powder amounts of these materials were exposed in a simulated acetic and formic acid environment and the alteration processes of the pigments were investigated by XRD technique, μFTIR spectrometry and SEM-EDX analyses. The chromatic variations of the pigments were analyzed by a photo-spectrometer.

Marco Malagodi*, University of Pavia; Maurizio Licchelli, University of Pavia; Silvia Bottigliero, University of Pavia; Chiara Milanese, University of Pavia; Pacifico Cofrancesco, University of Pavia; Tommaso Rovetta, University of Pavia

558

Calculation of Lightning-Induced Overvoltages on Urban Overhead Lines – Estimation of the Shielding Effect of Nearby Buildings

Buildings nearby urban overhead lines are expected to reduce the amplitude of the voltages induced by the electromagnetic pulse due to indirect lightning through electromagnetic shielding. This paper presents a method for the estimation of such an effect. The method is based on the use of weighting functions that are applied to the electrostatic, induction, and radiation terms of the expressions of the lightning electromagnetic field adopted for the case of flat terrain, i.e. in absence of nearby buildings. The parameters of the weighting functions are identified by means of a least square fitting procedure using a finite element method model as benchmark for the field calculation. This is accomplished for ideal and lossy ground and the accuracy of the results is assessed for lightning return stroke current waveforms and line-to-stroke location distances different from those used for the identification of the weighting functions.

Fabio Tossani*, University of Bologna; Alberto Borghetti, ; Fabio Napolitano, University of Bologna; Alexandre Piantini, ; Carlo Alberto Nucci, university of Bologna

559

Modal Extraction for Power Systems using Ambient Data

In this paper, a hybrid subspace scheme based on robust project approximation subspace tracking (PAST) and adaptive estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT) is proposed for online extraction of modal characteristic from ambient data. In addition, proper signal selection as a prerequisite for accurate extraction of the modal information is carried out using power spectral density (PSD) technique. The IEEE 39-bus system is studied to investigate the performance of the proposed scheme. Results are compared with the modal analysis.

Morteza Khosravi, ; Turaj Amraee*, KN Toosi University of Technol; Koorosh Shomalzadeh,

561

Parameter Translation for Single-Diode PV Models Based on Explicit Identification

The need for real-time identification techniques for photovoltaic (PV) model parameters has pushed the research toward the development of methods that employ explicit equations for identifying the five parameters of the PV single diode model (SDM). In this paper, the applicability of two explicit methods, previously validated under Standard Test Conditions (STC), is analyzed for a specific class of PV panels, namely panels whose SDMs have negligible series resistance, under operating conditions different from STC. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches under different operating conditions is assessed on the basis of experimental data concerning two commercial PV panels.

Maria Carmela Di Piazza, CNR-ISSIA; Massimiliano Luna*, CNR-ISSIA; Giovanni Petrone, UNISA; Giovanni Spagnuolo, UNISA

562

IoT-Oriented Management of Distributed Energy Storage for the Primary Frequency Control

The paper describes the experimental activities developed in the IoT Lab of Politecnico di Milano with reference to the use of energy storage systems for the primary frequency control. The IoT Lab is a multi-department Lab devoted to design and test experimentally innovative IoT algorithms and TLC techniques for Smart Home applications. In the paper a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based approach is proposed in order to manipulate the electric grid frequency and define a “standard” frequency oscillation, suitable to represent the Italian scenario. The results obtained were exploited to measure a “standard” performance of an electrochemical energy storage system in the provision of the frequency control service.

Claudio Brivio, Politecnico di Milano; Maurizio Delfanti, Politecnico di Milano; Davide Falabretti*, Politecnico di Milano; Marco Merlo, Politecnico di Milano; Matteo Moncecchi, Politecnico di Milano; Vincenzo Musolino, CSEM

563

Flexibility Assessment Indicator for Aggregate Residential Demand

In the modern power system, the characterization of customer’s demand plays a vital role for Demand Side Management. The information of demand flexibility, extracted from the aggregate demand behaviour of customers, presents more comprehensive picture for the system operator or the aggregator. There is an existence of diverse flexible time slots in different time periods of a day. The extraction of flexibility and the potential time durations for the residential customers is a challenging task due to their diverse behaviour. In order to extract flexibility information from aggregate residential customers, a flexibility indicator is formulated in this paper. Information presented gives an indication about flexible time slots in terms of numerical value that is useful for a system operator or an aggregator for demand side flexibilities assessment and this will lead to initiate DSM programs.

Muhammad Waseem, University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila, Pakistan; Intisar Ali Sajjad*, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Tax; Luigi Martirano, University of Rome Sapienza

564

Lithium-ion Battery Degradation Indicators via Incremental Capacity Analysis

Lithium ion battery (LIB) degradation is caused by complex mechanisms that usually interact simultaneously, and in various degrees of intensity. Due to its complexity, to date, identifying battery aging mechanisms remains challenging. To resolve such issue, various techniques have been developed, including in situ incremental capacity (IC) and peak area (PA) analysis. The use of these techniques has been proved to be valuable for identifying LIB aging modes, both qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition, due to their in situ and non-destructive nature, the use of these techniques is feasible in on-board, battery management systems. Unfortunately, the understanding and direct applicability of these techniques is not straightforward, as it requires electrochemical and material science knowledge. Aiming to bridge gaps in knowledge between electrical engineering and battery science, here we present a set of direct look-up tables based on IC analysis, that provides a simple tool for the evaluation of LIB degradation modes. We begin with a brief overview of the basics of IC and PA techniques, to later present the look-up tables, together with various real-life examples of cell degradation to illustrate the use of the tables. To conclude, we illustrate and discuss using the look-up tables to be directly implemented in microcontroller systems to provide an accurate, real-time estimation of the aging degradation modes.

David Anseán*, University of Oviedo; Víctor García, University of Oviedo; Manuela González, University of Oviedo; Cecilio Blanco, University of Oviedo; Juan Carlos Viera, University of Oviedo; Yoana Fernández, University of Oviedo

565

Lightning Performance of Distribution Lines due to Positive and Negative Indirect Lightning Flashes

The paper deals with the performance of overhead distribution lines against indirect lightning. The lightning performance, i.e. the annual occurrence of lightning events potentially able to cause insulation flashovers, can be assessed by means of statistical procedures able to account for the probabilistic distribution of the most influent parameters, among which those that describe the waveform of the return stroke current. Usually, only downward negative first strokes are taken into account in the lightning performance assessment. The aim of this paper is to extend the procedure in order to include also positive downward events and to discuss how their incidence would affect the lightning performance of distribution lines.

Fabio Napolitano, University of Bologna; Fabio Tossani*, University of Bologna; Alberto Borghetti, ; Carlo Alberto Nucci, university of Bologna; Farhad Rachidi, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)

566

Reproducibility of Conducted Disturbance Measurements

Measurement of disturbances injected into the power grid is carried out according to a well consolidated standard test method described in international standards and worldwide adopted. Nonetheless the regular operation of interlaboratory comparisons, for the purpose of verifying in the field how well test houses implement the test method and the actual con-sistence of measurement results, is far from being realized. In this work the design, operation and results of an interlaboratory comparison aimed at assessing participants’ performance in measuring conducted emissions in the 9 kHz to 30 MHz frequency range is described. The reproducibility of the test method is quantified.

Carlo Carobbi*, University of Florence

567

Conoscopy laser microprofilometry for 3D digital reconstruction of surfaces with sub-millimeter resolution

The importance of digitizing not only the shape of the objects but also its surface is sometimes neglected. Acquiring the surface profile is instead an important step for monitoring and digitizing art-works and archaeological artifacts and also for retrieving useful information to attempt to reconstruct digitally the original surface. In order to achieve this goal, high resolution instruments must be implemented. In this paper, the capability of a newly developed laser conoscopy microprofilometry system to acquire 3D surfaces with a sub-millimeter resolution is shown. A roman coin dated 9. a. C. has been acquired with a lateral resolution of approximately 20 microns, and a small area of it with a nominal resolution of one micron.

Giacomo Marchioro, University of Verona; Nicola Gaburro*, University of Verona; Claudia Daffara, University of Verona

568

Diminishing cost of electricity from wind power and photovoltaics

The paper, starting from the evolution of the worldwide renewable capacity that highlights the increasing growth of the photovoltaics and wind power, focuses the attention on the levelized cost of energy of the two technologies. An Italian case study is proposed, because the Italian feed-in tariff has allowed a rapid increasing of the installed photovoltaic and wind plants. A comparison of the levelized cost of energy among PV plants, wind plants and other technologies evidences that these technologies are now competitive.

Vanni Lughi, ; Alessandro Massi Pavan, University of Trieste; Paolo Rosato, ; Filippo Spertino, POLITECNICO DI TORINO; Silvano Vergura*, Dept. of Electrical and Information Engineering

569

PV Penetration in Distribution Lines of Smart Grids

The paper proposes an approach to evaluate the penetration level of photovoltaics in distribution lines belonging to smart grids. When a large amount of the electrical power coming from distributed generators are connected to the lines, a series of problems are introduced. These particular issues are not planned during the design of the electrical lines. In the last years, the problems due to the bi-directional flows of the energy, are a hot topic and many efforts are being made to be modelled and characterized. This paper introduces a some indicators to distinguish the penetration level of photovoltaic power, suggesting the correct method to analyze the power signal.

Silvano Vergura*, Dept. of Electrical and Information Engineering; Mario Carpentieri,

570

Electric Vehicle Battery Charger Controlled by Magnetic Core Reactor to Wireless Power Transfer System

This paper presents a control process and frequency adjustment based on the Magnetic Core Reactor prototype. For the past decades, there have been significant development in the technologies used in Wireless Power Transfer systems. In the Wireless Power Transfer systems it is essential that the operating frequency of the primary circuit be equal to the resonant frequency of the secondary circuit so there is the maximum energy transfer. The Magnetic Core Reactor allows controlling of the frequencies on both sides of the transmission and reception circuits. In addition, the assembly diagrams and test results are presented.

Luis Romba, UNINOVA/CTS, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Stanimir Valtchev, UNINOVA/CTS, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Rui Melício*, IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técn

574

A Variable Switching Freqeuncy Control Method for AC/AC Converter

Conventional back-to-back converters is still the best solution for motor drive applications which usually are subjected to considerable load change during their operation. The converter components, especially input-side inductances, designed for rated power are not suitable for lighter output loads. In this digest a control method is suggested in which the switching frequency rises according to the reduction in load power in order to make up for the effects owing to light loads imposed to the converter, while at the same time keeps the converter away from extra losses. The operation of the method verifies via simulations in which the input current THD and power factor are improved using the proposed method at light loads compared to conventional fixed switching frequency control algorithms.

Saeed Ouni*, Sharif University of Technology; Masih Khodabandeh, Sharif University of Technolog

575

Voltage Stability Improvement of Transmission Network Integrated with PV Plants

The integration of renewable energy sources (eg. PV Plants) into an existing power grid affects the stability of the power system manifested by fluctuations in the voltage and overloads. In this paper, the proposed voltage stability analysis is performed on New England 39 bus test system during pre and post PV integration into the system under varying loads. The static analysis tool i.e. AC Contingency Analysis is utilized to compute the voltage profile at all the buses in the system under different contingencies. The worst contingencies are investigated to identify the weakest buses in the New England 39 bus test system. The PV plants are integrated to the weakest buses and the voltage profiles under varying load scenario are analyzed. The above analysis is carried out using the PSS/E software. The simulation results reveal that the voltage profile in the New England 39 test system is significantly improved after post PV integration to the weak buses. Furthermore, the optimal locations of PV integration are determined based on proposed AC contingency analysis.

AFFIJULLA SHAIK*, NIT Meghalaya, India; Gaurav Bhatt, NIT Meghalaya, India

576

Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Systems Applied to Voltage Prediction of Photovoltaic Plants

High penetration level of intermittent and variable renewable electricity generation introduces signiﬁcant challenges to energy management of modern smart grids. Solar photovoltaics and wind energy have uncertain and non-dispatchable output which leads to concerns regarding the technical and economic feasibility of a reliable integration of large amounts of variable generation into electric grids. In this scenario, accurate forecasting of renewable generation outputs is of paramount importance to secure operation of smart grids. In this paper, we present a study on the use of fuzzy neural networks and their application to the prediction of solar photovoltaic outputs. The new learning strategy is suited to any fuzzy inference model. The comparison with respect to well-known neural and fuzzy neural models will prove that our approach is able to follow the behavior of the underlying unknown process with a good prediction of the observed time series.

Antonello Rosato, University of Rome "La Sapienza"; Rosa Altilio, University of Rome "La Sapienza"; Rodolfo Araneo, La Sapienza University; Massimo Panella*, University of Rome Sapienza

577

Control of Solid-State Fault Current Limiter for DG-Integrated Distribution Systems

Solid State Fault Current Limiters (SSFCLs) offer a number of benefits when incorporated within distribution systems. SSFCLs can limit the magnitude of a fault current seen by the system using different methods, such as inserting a large impedance in the current path or controlling the voltage applied to the fault. In this paper, a new control scheme for the SSFCL circuit is presented. The control method is based on controlling the duty cycle of solid state switches to enable the operation of the standard protective equipment and the SSFCL in distribution systems. Numerical simulations using Matlab/Simulink confirm the technical features of the presented control method of SSFCL.

Jaser Sa'ed*, Birzeit University; Mahran Quraan, Birzeit University ; Muhammad Abu-Khaizaran, Birzeit University ; Salvatore Favuzza, DEIM University of Palermo; Fabio Massaro, Univerisity of Palermo

578

Impact of integrating photovoltaic based DG on distribution network harmonics

The process of integrating various distributed generation (DG) technologies in power system networks is increasing rapidly in the recent years. One major concern about the integration of DGs is their impact on network harmonics. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects caused by the integration of photovoltaic DG in distribution networks on system harmonics. The penetration level, number of DG units, and their location are used as parameters in order to verify the effects of DG on system harmonics. Moreover, a study of single and double tuned filters is conducted as harmonics mitigation techniques. Detailed simulations using Matlab/Simulink are inserted in order to explain and verify the results.

Jaser Sa'ed*, Birzeit University; Mahran Quraan, Birzeit University ; Qais Samara, Birzeit University ; Salvatore Favuzza, DEIM University of Palermo; Gaetano Zizzo, Universit? degli Studi di Palermo

579

Energy Consumption in an Italian Opera House: Analysis and Possible Reduction

The refurbishment of historic buildings is a complex task where the goal of obtaining a more energy efficient building often conflicts with the peculiar characteristics of the built environment, and its final destination. In this paper, the authors address this problem for a very specific type of building: an historic opera house located in Northern Italy. The results of energy consumption monitoring and of spot measurements on selected loads are herein used as a basis to propose energy saving strategies.

Massimo Mitolo, ESI, Engineering and Scientific Investigation 26632 Towne Centre Dr Foothill Ran; Michel Noussan, Politecnico di Torino; Enrico Pons*, Politecnico di Torino; Davide Portè, Politecnico di Torino; Michele Tartaglia, Politecnico di Torino

580

A Printed Circuit Board Suitable for Controlling a 13.2kVA IGBT’s Three-Phase Inverter for DC Nanogrid in a Laboratory Setup

Design and build dc nanogrids is not an easy task, even in an experimental campaign in the laboratory. A crucial point is the control of the bidirectional ac-dc converter, which joins the dc nanogrid to the utility grid. In this frame, the paper illustrates how control a 13.2kVA IGBT three-phase inverter, model Semiteach by Semikron, via an evaluation/developing board, model EVK1100 by Atmel. PWM signals required by Semiteach are rectangular waveforms in the range of 0-15V whereas PWM signals generated by EVK1100 are in the range of 0-3.3V. Therefore, the direct connection between Semiteach and EVK1100 is not possible; this paper illustrates how to design a printed circuit so to realize this connection. All schematics, including those useful for the measurement of the ac voltages and dc currents, are provided.

Alessandro Burgio*, University of Calabria; Daniele Menniti, Universit? della Calabria; Nicola Sorrentino, Universit? della Calabria; Anna Pinnarelli, Universit? della Calabria; Giuseppe Barone, University of Calabria

581

Simulation of Enhanced Frequency Response by Battery Storage Systems: the UK versus the Continental Europe System

Nowadays, the large exploitation of Non-Programmable Renewable Energy Source (NPRES) generation for demand fulfillment reduces the operating hours of relevant conventional power plants, which traditionally provide the operating reserves for frequency (and voltage) control. Therefore, the power system is becoming more vulnerable, also because NPRES support to ancillary service provision is often very limited. Large and fast frequency deviations, e.g., occur more often, thus increasing the risk of instability and blackout. New ancillary services and new providers for them are needed. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) technologies could be good candidates, thanks to their fast response capabilities. In this work, the provision of an Enhanced (fast) Frequency Response (EFR) by a BESS is simulated, with reference to two main European synchronous areas: the UK and the Continental Europe (CE) system. The EFR service is evaluated by using real frequency data and considering the requirements issued by the UK TSO. For the CE system, those requirements are adapted according to the CE frequency behaviour. The energy exchanges requested from and carried out by the BESS, a service performance indicator, and the possible aging related to battery cycling are evaluated.

Silvia Canevese *, RSE; Diego Cirio, RSE SpA; Antonio Gatti, RSE S.p.A.; Enrica Micolano, RSE S.p.A.; Luigi Pellegrino, RSE S.p.A.; Marco Rapizza, RSE S.p.A.

582

Infrared heating

Infrared heating has been introduced some years ago in addition to traditional heating systems. Its use is now widespread due to its effectiveness in heating people who stand in outdoor areas by radiative transfer of the energy. The aim of this work was to assess the levels of exposure to optical radiation for workers and general public when using different type of IR heating devices. The resulting levels were always above the ones set out in the current legislation; but those infrared limit values are designed to protect workers who operate in hot environments. Considerations about the application of this exposure limits to the infrared heating are made, in order to highlight the requirement of developing specific safety standards.

Andrea Bogi*, USL Toscana SudEst; Francesco Picciolo, University of Siena (Italy); Nicola Stacchini, USL Toscana SudEst; Iole Pinto, Physical Agents Laboratory - USL Toscana SudEst

583

Modelling of Single Cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using COMSOL Multiphysics

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the potential to become one of the efficient and cost effective systems for direct conversion of a wide variety of fuels to electricity. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional multiphysics model for a single cell SOFC using COMSOL multiphysics (version 5.2) software and performed simulations to examine the effect of gas flow patterns (radial flow and counter flow) in different operating temperatures (700C,800C and 1000C) for a planar anode supported SOFC. With the help of the simulation results, we have analyzed the electrical characteristics of the single cell SOFCs. From the simulation results, it is observable that the radial gas flow pattern yields higher performance compared to the counter flow pattern and the performance also increases with operating temperature of the cell.

Sasanka Ranasinghe*, University of Agder; Peter Middleton, University of Agder

584

Proximal Soil Sensing of Trace Elements. Interferences on Field Measurements using XRF

Proximal soil sensing can contribute to the proper monitoring of soil contamination. The main goal of this study is to find the interferences generated by set-ups that differ from international guidelines when analyzing trace elements in soil using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) proximal sensors. The use of commercial polypropylene bags as covers and a device that is not in complete contact with the sample are contrasted to define the minimum possible characteristics of such settings to obtain consistent measurements. Results show that commercial polypropylene bags of up to 100 µm are suitable, and that the distance between the sample and the source should be kept to a maximum of 2 mm to obtain reliable readings.

Ricardo Urrutia-Goyes*, Universidad de las Fuerzas Arm; Nancy Ornelas-Soto, ; Ariadne Argyraki,

587

Coordinated DTC and VOC Control for PMSG based Grid Connected Wind Energy Conversion System

This paper presents an output power smoothing method by a coordinate control of machine side converter and grid side converter for permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS). The WECS adopts medium voltage source converter with AC-DC-AC configuration. The output power fluctuations are compensated using direct torque control based maximum power point controller and voltage oriented control. The DC link voltage is controlled using grid side controller and the maximum power is extracted using the machine side controller of the wind turbine. The proposed controller provides effective solution for grid integration and constant power flow from the generator system to grid system. Simulation results are presented and analysed the performance of the control strategies implemented in the system.

P Sanjeevikumar*, UniBo, Italy; Ramesh Babu, VIT University, Vellore, India; Ramiji Tiwari, VIT University, Vellore, India; Pierluigi Siano, University of Salerno; Viliam Fedak, Technical University of Košice Košice, Slovak Republic

591

A new two-step matching method and loss-allocation method based on the profit proportional sharing principle applied in the Power Trans-regional Transaction

This paper is initial on the model of Trans-regional centralized transaction focusing on the matching method and loss-allocation. Firstly, to build the Trans-regional centralized multilateral matchmaking transaction, the two-step network flow optimization model is put forward, basing on the theory of network flow. The optimization models take maximum social welfare as the objective, while considering the transmission channel capacity and transmission loss constraints. With the first-step network flow optimization model, the sets of transaction suppliers and consumers are decided, as well as the transaction amounts which bring the maxium social welfare. Then with the second-step network flow optimization model, the transaction partners and the transaction amounts are matched, as well as the optimal paths for each transaction partners. With the transaction paths known, the tracing of the power loss can be easily obtained. Secondly, according to the problem of network loss allocation, with the paths known, two reasonable algorithms to allocate the losses are put forward. One is traditional proportional sharing method, which is based on the proportional energy flow distribution. And another one is a new profit proportional sharing method, which is based on the proportional profit flow distribution. Compared with the traditional method, the new method considers the economic factors. Finally, basing on the simplified provincial power grid nodes and UHV grid in China, the experimental verification and comparative analysis on the centralized matching transactions is carried out. It proves that the models not only can effectively solve the problem of path optimization and multiple transactions in complex grid structure, but also can form the complete transaction path, which can easily trace the loss. Further more, by comparing the loss-allocation result with two kinds of loss-allocation algorithms, the new algorithm is better to reflect the economic factors.

TIANXING QI*, Xi'an Jiaotong University; HAIHUA CHENG, China Electric Power Research Institute(Nanjing),Nanjing 210003, Jiangsu Provinc; XIULI WANG, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Wei Zhang, Xi'anjiaotong University,China

592

A new strategy of Trans-regional electricity centralized trade and renewable generation right transaction based on network flow path optimization model

This paper is initial on the Trans-regional centralized transaction with the renewable energy attending in the power market. In the paper, firstly, to build the Trans-regional centralized multilateral matchmaking transaction with optimal paths method, the traditional and the expand network flow optimization models are put forward in turns, basing on the theory of network flow. The optimization models take maximum social welfare as the objective, while considering the transmission channel capacity and transmission loss constraints. With the traditional network flow optimization model, the sets of transaction suppliers and consumers are decided, as well as the transaction amounts which bring the maximum social welfare. Then with the expand network flow optimization model, the transaction partners and the transaction amounts are matched, as well as the optimal paths for each transaction partners. Secondly, to approach the result of the Trans-regional generation right transaction, the superposition network flow optimization model is put forward. The model is the superposition of the new energy network flow and the traditional energy network flow, with the maximum social welfare as the objective also. With this model, the generation trading partners and the transaction amounts are concluded, as well as the trading path. Finally, basing on the simplified provincial power grid nodes and UHV grid in China, the experimental verification and comparative analysis on the centralized matching transactions and energy power generation transactions are carried out. It proves that the models not only can effectively solve the problem of path optimization and multiple transactions in complex grid structure, but also can form the complete transaction path. Further more, they are suitable in the generation trading. In one word, the models provide a new strategy on Trans-regional electricity centralized trade and generation right transaction on large scales.

TIANXING QI*, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Bike Xue, ; Wei Zhang, Xi'anjiaotong University,China; XIULI WANG, Xi'an Jiaotong University

594

Study of Low-Voltage Distribution System with Integration of PV-Battery Energy Storage for Urban Area in Developing Country

This research work presents a study of Low-Voltage (LV) distribution system integrated with Photovoltaic (PV) and Battery Energy Storage (BES) for an urban area in developing country. This work purposes to search an optimal topology and sizing of PV-BES for supplying the consumers. A mixed integer quadratically constrained programming (MIQCP) is developed at first to find out the optimal topology with minimization of conductor use and phase balancing improvement. Next, a maximum PV penetration is sized by using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Fmincon solver. The sizing strategies are established to determine a BES capacity according to time-varying solar radiation and demand curves. The results obtained on an example of LV test system show the validity of novel algorithm for optimal topology, PV size and centralized BES capacity.

Vannak VAI*, Grenoble-INP; Egor Gladkikh, Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble-INP); Bertrand RAISON, ; Marie-Cecile ALVAREZ-HERAULT, ; Long BUN, Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC)

595

Modelling of measured lightning discharge currents to tall towers

Lightning discharge currents and their derivatives have been measured at instrumented tall towers for a few decades already. Results of those measurements are used for lightning research purposes, for modelling of lightning discharges and making improvements in lightning protection. Some of the measured lightning currents are represented in this paper by the multi-peaked analytically extended function (MP-AEF). The same function may be used for lightning current derivatives, thus providing their analytical integration.

Vesna Javor*, University of Nis; Karl Lundengård, Mälardalen University, UKK, Västerås, Sweden; Milica Rančić, Mälardalen University, UKK, Västerås, Sweden; Dario Javor, Faculty of Electronic Engineering of Nis, University of Nis, Serbia; Sergei Silvestrov, Mälardalen University, UKK, Västerås, Sweden

596

Design and Control of Power Converter for LED Lighting Driven from the PV Module

Extraction of electric power from solar PV module for lighting applications is highly beneficial in the off-grid areas. A highly reliable and cost effective power converter with the effective control strategy is required to drive the LED lamp for the household applications. This paper proposes a power converter which is suitable to supply the lighting load under different conditions. Based on the availability of intensity of solar radiation, battery charge level and the load requirement, four states of operation each with two modes have been analysed. Suitable control algorithm with an integration of MPPT and charge controller is implemented for closed loop control of the proposed converter. Simulation results based on Matlab/Simulink prove the effectiveness of the proposed power converter to improve the reliability and economic implications of the existing system.

Ranjini B R*, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Techn; Gurunayk Nayak, M.S Ramaiah Institute of technology, VTU; I. Omsekhar, M.S Ramaiah Institute of technology, VTU

597

Accurate Analysis of a Single-Phase Dual Active Bridge Converter for ZVS and Deadband Conditions

Simplified equations are used for the analysis of dual active bridge converter leading to a conservative estimation of the zero voltage switching (ZVS) region. The ZVS is directly affected by the inserted deadband in each leg of the converter. In this paper the impact of the ZVS capacitor and deadband on soft switching regions for this converter are analyzed. Also, the sufficient constraints for ZVS condition in the input and output bridges are determined by analyzing the circuit behavior during the bridges deadband. Simulation results of a 700V-350V, 50-kW dc-dc converter validates the analysis.

Farzad Yazdani*, Chalmers university of technol; Saeid Haghbin, Chalmers university of technology; Mohammad Reza Zolghadri, Sharif University of Technology; torbjorn thiringer, Chalmers University of technology

598

Capacitor Current Feedback Active Damping for Shunt Active Power Filter with Output LLCL Filter

A high-order LLCL has excellent performance of ripple harmonics generated by VSI. The LLCL filter is especially effective at switching frequency to mitigate the switching ripple harmonics. However, like the other high-order filters, LLCL filter has resonance problem which must be damped to have stable system. In literature, passive damping and active damping methods are proposed for grid-connected VSI. However, the active damping techniques have not been considered for SAPF with LLCL filter yet. Thus, in this paper, LLCL filter for Shunt Active Power Filter with Active Damping method is proposed and analyzed to suppress the resonance of LLCL filter and stabilize the control of SAPF.

Mehmet Büyük*, Çukurova University; Adnan Tan, Çukurova University; Mustafa İnci, Çukurova University; Mehmet Tümay, Çukurova University

599

A system of integrated technologies for the handling of automated freight wagons

The paper describes the main results of a research activity, carried out in collaboration by a private software company and Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria. The aim is to develop a new model of rail freight transport, focussed on the automation of the phases of train handling, composition and shunting at railway stations in order to improve the handover of single wagons, increasing the transport speed, and reducing operating costs.

Domenico GATTUSO*, Mediterranea University; Gian Carla Cassone, Mediterranea University; Antonio Lucisano, COELDA Software S.r.l.; Francesco Lucisano, COELDA Software S.r.l.; Maurizio Lucisano, COELDA Software S.r.l.

600

An LCL Filter with an Active Compensation for a Fast Charger Station

For the AC/DC stage of a 50 kW fast charger station, a three-phase PWM converter, an LCL filter is designed and implemented. The filter is designed considering the harmonics contents of the converter. An active compensator is proposed and implemented to enhance the converter power factor by modification of the converter q current.

Saeid Haghbin*, Chalmers university of technology; torbjorn thiringer, Chalmers University of technology; Robert Karlsson, ; Mikael Alatalo, Chalmers

602

Stationary Battery Systems in the main World Markets Part 1: Overview of the State-of-the-art

The role of energy storage systems (ESSs) is becoming more and more important in modern power grids, mainly because of the higher penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs), such as solar and wind power, spurred by advantageous support policies carried out in several states. The fluctuation nature of the energy produced by RESs is indeed leading to emerging power quality issues or to renewable curtailments. ESSs can be used to balance generation and demand of electricity over time, allowing a higher penetration of RESs into the power network. The energy storage industry is evolving rapidly, and new electrochemical technologies are entering the market. Besides, most electrochemical technologies have a high cost reduction potential and they will probably attract more and more attention in the scientific, industrial and political context. This paper is the first of a two part series, aiming to provide an overview of stationary battery systems in the major world markets, identifying the applications and technologies most widely used in each storage market. In this first paper, an overview of the state-of-the-art in electrochemical storage systems is provided and the positions of some world markets on the development of electrochemical storage systems is shown. Furthermore, an analysis of the main EES technologies used in stationary applications is carried out

Enrico Telaretti*, University of Palermo; Luigi Dusonchet, Università di Palermo

603

Reactive Power Control for Voltage Regulation with Massive Pervasion of Distributed Generators

The high penetration of distributed generators in the conventional grid causes voltage rise in the network. In this paper, reactive power control with various control topologies has been used for voltage regulation in gird-connected photovoltaic system. Reactive power control using PV inverters is effective only if inverter’s apparent power ratings are taken into account. This paper demonstrates that during peak hours, real power generation is maximum and so is the voltage rise at point of common coupling but the ability of inverters to provide the required reactive power is diminished due to apparent power capability of inverter. So some other source of reactive power along with PV inverters should be used during peak times to bring the voltage back into the statuary limits. This solution turns out to be cost effective as well as very simple to implement.

Haleema Qamar*, University of Sannio, Italy; Hafsa Qamar, University of Sannio, Italy

604

Stationary Battery Systems in the main World Markets Part 2: Main Trends and Prospects

Stationary battery systems are gaining a lot of interest in recent years, mainly because of their ability to balance generation and demand of electricity over time. The intermittent nature of renewable generation connected to the power grid is causing major stability and reliability issues in the power system, that can be solved also using stationary storage systems, able to provide the ancillary services necessary to the proper operation of the power network. Despite the considerable advantages offered by these technologies, the eletrochemical storage industry is still in the nascent state and it is important to identify the main trends and prospects in relation to future technical developments, regulatory landscape and future commercial models. This paper is the second of a two-part series, aiming to provide an overview of stationary battery systems in the major world markets, identifiyng the applications and technologies most widely used in each storage market. In this second paper, a country overview is provided for each of the selected markets, in terms of policy regulations, subsidy programs and storage installations. The main trends are also identified, with reference both to the viable use cases and to the main electrochemical technologies currently spread in each storage market. The analysis carried out in this work could help stakeholders to assess the impact of energy storage policies in different countries, identifying the future trends and the most promising markets around the world.

Enrico Telaretti*, University of Palermo; Luigi Dusonchet, Università di Palermo

606

On The Structural Implementation of Magnetic Levitation Windmill

In this article structural implementation and optimum performance of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) using magnetic levitation technology is articulated. With the positivity of customary VAWT, the surplus advantages like spinning at low wind-speed, higher efficiency, low noise emission, etc. are also quantified. The leading result ascending before traditional wind turbine can be demarcated as energy dissipation during rotation. By means of property of permanent magnet as an alternate of ball bearings, levitation of the turbine is anticipated with decline in damages while rotation and hence wind turbine blades are positioned on a shaft for attaining stability throughout rotation. Power is then generated with an axial flux generator, which incorporates the utilization of permanent magnets and set of coils.

P Sanjeevikumar*, UniBo, Italy; Sagar Mahajan, University of Johannesburg; Pierluigi Siano, University of Salerno; Harshal Vaidya, Marathwada Institute of Technology Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India; Aishwarya Taur, Marathwada Institute of Technology Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India; Viliam Fedak, Technical University of Košice Košice, Slovak Republic

607

Reliability Evaluation of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Chargers

The focus of this paper is to develop a framework to analyze and evaluate the reliability of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) chargers. The general infrastructure of PHEV battery chargers is discussed and a two-phase interleaved unidirectional charger topology is selected as an example for reliability analysis. The design is fault-tolerant so that the controller is capable of fault detection, isolation, and reconfiguration with perfect coverage. Component level reliability is calculated using MIL-HDBK-217. A Markov model is proposed to analyze the reliability of the fault tolerant two-phase interleaved charger topology including the impact of repair. Reliability indices such as mean time to failure (MTTF) and mean time to first failure (MTTFF) are calculated. The proposed framework can be extended to reliability evaluation and comparison of all types of PHEV chargers and can help understand and improve future charging infrastructure designs.

Mohsen Ghavami*, Texas A&M University; Somasundaram Essakiappan, University of North Carolina – Charlotte; Chanan Singh, Texas A&M University

608

An Improved SA-PSO Global Maximum Power Point Tracking Method of Photovoltaic System under Partial Shading Conditions

This paper presents a hybrid Simulated Annealing (SA) and Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique designed for photovoltaic(PV) systems under partial shading conditions (PSC). With the rising demand for energy and the increasing scarcity of fossil fuels, the development of renewable energy such as solar energy has received great attention. Although the use of solar energy has no geographical restrictions, the low efficiency of photovoltaic power generation system is an unavoidable bottleneck of its large-scale application. Therefore, how to maximize the energy generated by photovoltaic arrays is the urgent problem to be resolved. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid SA and PSO based MPPT algorithm which is more robust with faster speed, less power losses and higher tracking accuracy. The proposed technique can get rid of being trapped by local MPPs and reliably track the global Maximum Power Point (GMPP). Also, it does not increase much complexity compared to the existed SA method. What’s more, the hybrid SA and PSO algorithm does not rely on the initial values and has a limited dependence on specific system parameters. All the advantages above indicate SA-PSO a promising method for PV GMPPT. The proposed SA-PSO algorithm modifies the SA algorithm by changing the step size based on PSO algorithm. In the original SA algorithm, the step of voltage perturbation is generated randomly, costing long time to track GMPP. The updated SA-PSO algorithm changes the step according to the inertia weight and the population learning factor, which can reduce the tracking time. Compared with existing SA MPPT algorithms and improved SA algorithms, the proposed novel method performs faster convergence speed, higher tracking accuracy and continuously tracking of the GMPP under shading conditions by efficiently modifying the perturbation step. The novel SA-PSO MPPT principle is fully explained, discussed and verified by simulation.

TONG GUAN*, XI'AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY; FANG ZHUO, XI'AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY

609

Global Sensitivity and Criterion Performance Analysis of Transformer Leakage Inductance to Winding Deformation

At present, some methods have been put forward to detect the winding deformation by using the leakage inductance(Lk), but the research on the inherent law of Lk and deformations is not enough. In this paper, a calculation model of leakage inductance based on response surface(RS) method is proposed. Based on this model, the global sensitivities of leakage inductance to different winding deformations are analyzed, and the criterion performance of winding deformation is analyzed. Analysis results show that RS model can calculate the leakage inductance with a high precision. Besides, the sensitivities of the leakage inductance to different types of deformations are obviously dissimilar, and the change of leakage inductance will be more obvious under the condition of multiple deformations. Furthermore, In the case of a fixed threshold, the action of the deformation criterion does not exactly match the transformer operating capacity.

Hao Wu*, North China Electric Power Uni

610

Combined Solar Charging Stations and Energy Storage Units Allocation for Plug-In Electric Vehicles by Considering Uncertainties

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are becoming a key feature of smart grid. PEVs will be embedded in network as a mobile load-storage with probabilistic behavior. In order to manage the PEVs as flexible loads, charging stations (CSs) have essential role. In this paper, a new method for optimal sitting and sizing of solar CSs using Energy storage options is presented. Also, behavior of PEVs in the presence of other loads, electricity price and solar power generation uncertainties are considered. The proposed optimization model maximizes the distribution company (DisCo) benefit by appropriate use of CSs, maximizes the benefit of CSs owners and minimizes the power loss, load demand and voltage sags during peak times considering different technical constraints. The optimization variables are the location and capacity of CSs (consists of solar units and energy storage systems). In this paper, charge-discharge action of PEVs uses time-of-use demand response programs (DRPs). In order to solve the optimization problem considering uncertainty of load growth, number of EVs, electricity price, initial state of charge in PEV batteries and solar power generation, genetic algorithm method using Monte-Carlo simulation is used. The simulation results show that the proposed method has several advantages for DisCo and owners of CSs.

Babak Yousefi Khanghah, Aalborg University; Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam*, Aalborg University; Josep M. Guerrero, University of Aalborg; Juan C. Vasquez, University of Aalborg

612

A Review on Control Strategies of AC/DC Micro Grid

With the increasingly serious problems of fossil energy depletion and environmental pollution, exploiting the clean renewable energy resources has become the urgency. [1] It contributes to the fast development of distributed generators. However, increased penetration of distributed energy resources into conventional power systems increases control challenges. [2] What’s more, according to the IEEE P1547 standard, distributed generators must disconnect with the main grid while fault happens, which causes a great loss to renewable energy. [3] As a result, the concept of micro grid is proposed. Micro grid combines micro generators, energy storage systems and loads together and work as a flexible and controllable unit. Micro grid can work both on grid-connected and isolated condition which can raise the reliability of grid effectively. Due to the uncertainty of micro generators and the low level of power capacity of micro grid system, controlling of micro grids has become a great issue. A lot of research has been made on control strategies both of traditional AC micro grid and DC micro grid.

ZHENGHONG CHEN*, Xi'an Jiaotong University; KANGDA WANG, Xi'an JIaotong University; ZHENGYUAN LI, Xi'an JIaotong University; TAO ZHENG, Xi'an JIaotong University

613

Experimental Investigation on the Breakage in Earth Wire Suspension String with Winding Preformed Armor Rods

This paper studies earth wire breakage with wrapping preformed armor rods. firstly, the current distribution of the earth wire suspension string is obtained by analyzing its skin effect and earth wire shunt capability. The current can flow into the preformed armor rod from the clamp as shown in Fig.1 (the path in red color). Moreover, the current distribution of the earth wire and preformed armor rods are also calculated under the power frequency 50Hz as shown in Fig. 2. Based on the current distribution shown in Fig. 1 and Fig.2, it can be inferred that the temperature within the preformed armor rods fracture and clamp are higher than other locations especially when the contact resistances increase due to the rust and other factors. The breakage can happen in these two sites as a result of high temperature. For a further verification, a temperature rise experiments of new and old earth wire suspension string are conducted. The results show that, compared to the new wire, the temperature difference between the earth wire and the preformed armor rods is about 26% higher at the same position. The main reason may be due to the severe rust in the old earth wire, which increases the contact resistance of fracture. It can be concluded from the theoretical analysis and experimental verification that, comparing with the earth wire suspension string without wrapping preformed armor rods, the number of hotspots in the earth wire may increase. This especially can happen in some aged transmission, due to the increase of contact resistance within the suspension string.

Guo Deming*, South China University of Tech

614

Impacts of Gas Network Emergencies on Power System through Gas Turbine

The rapid development of Energy Internet has enhanced the interdependency between gas networks and power systems. As the medium to convert natural gas into electricity, gas turbine is playing a more and more important role in the optimal scheduling problem. The output of gas network has a non-ignorable impact on the output of gas turbine. This paper tries to establish a model of gas turbine to study the output characteristics of it. The gas flow will influence the rotating speed and active power of gas turbine. When there are some emergencies in gas network and gas flow is changed, the performance of gas turbine will affect the steady of power system. A specialized case is analyzed to elaborate this situation.

Feng Ma*, Xi'an Jiaotong University

615

Considering variations of network topology in optimal relay coordination using Time-Current-Voltage characteristic

Power systems are usually subjected to some changes in connections during operation, which leads to varied short-circuit levels in different parts of them and Directional Overcurrent Relays (DOCRs) may be subjected to miscoordination by changing short circuit levels. Therefore, all network topologies should be considered for coordination among overcurrent relays in a power system. Reduction of operating time of relays is highly important in a protection system. This paper uses the overcurrent relays with a time-current-voltage curve for coordination among overcurrent relays with respect to all the different topologies. This improves coordination results of the relays due to increasing number of variables and considering voltage of the relays. This paper uses a combination of Genetic algorithm (GA) and Linear Programming (LP) for improving operating time and setting current due to the increased number of constraints for coordinating the overcurrent relays. The proposed method was implemented for an 8-bus system. Optimization results show a considerable reduction in the operating time of overcurrent relays and number of miscoordination, compared to conventional relays and the conventional optimization methods. In addition, coordination among DOCRs is maintained by changing topology of network.

Navid Bayati, Amirkabir University ; Seyed Hesamedin Sadeghi, Amirkabir University of Technology; Ali Eftekhari milani*, Politecnico di Milano

616

Analysis of a Three-Phase Dual Active Bridge Converter During the Deadband

A three-phase dual active bridge (DAB) topology has been widely applied in high power dc-dc conversion due to its advantages such as bidirectional power transfer, inherent soft switching capability and small filter size. In this paper, the 3P-DAB dc/dc converter is analyzed during its deadband. Moreover, the influence of the zero voltage switching (ZVS) capacitor and deadband on ZVS region are investigated by utilizing an accurate circuit analysis during the deadband. The theoretical results are verified in simulation and in a 50 kW experimental setup.

618

Analysis of Supra-Harmonics in Smart Grids

In recent years supra-harmonic distortion studies are gaining attention in power quality research area. When handling communication systems especially Power Line Carrier (PLC) systems in frequency range 2- 150 kHz, they are suitable for causing electromagnetic interference (EMI) to other systems. This study shows results of analysis employing advanced method called ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) to describe supra-harmonic distortion. Unlike the traditional method (short time fourier - STFT), EEMD gives extensive representation for supra-harmonic components.

Turgay Yalcin, Ondokuz Mayis University; Muammer Ozdemir, Ondokuz Mayis University, Electrical & Electronic Engineering Faculty; Pawel Kostyla, ; Zbigniew Leonowicz*, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

619

A highf frequency modeling of AC motor in frequency range from 40 Hz to 110 MHz

Most EMC models developed for study of three phase induction machine are generally valid for low and medium frequencies (<< 1 MHz). This frequency limit seems to be too restrictive for the overall study of conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). In this paper, first the model are carried out using the proposed model and compared with experimental results in low and medium frequency. In the second part, an improved high frequency motor model based on transfer function is developed to represent the motor high frequency behavior for frequency-domain analyses in the frequency range from 40 Hz up to 110 MHz. The proposed methodology is verified on an experimental and simulation, it’s suitable for prediction of terminal over voltage analysis and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) problems and common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) currents.

MILOUDI HOUCINE*, SBA UNIV; bendaoud abdelbar, univ-SBA

620

Standardization framework on energy efficiency and monitoring

Energy Efficiency is one of the cornerstones of European and International energy policy. Technical standardization can contribute to promote energy efficient technologies and solutions and ultimately to reach the targets of energy efficiency improvement and CO2 reduction. This paper provides an overview of the main existing technical standards in the domain of energy efficiency measurement and monitoring. This paper maps these standards against a taxonomy to identify useful references to support the process of designing, implementing, operating and maintaining an “energy efficiency measurement and monitoring system” and eventually to identify gaps that may be covered by future standardization activity. ISO, IEC, CEN and CLC standards published before 28 February 2016 will be analyzed. This paper aims at contributing to the work of CEN-CENELEC JWG9 “Energy measurement plan for organizations” by providing background information for the development of its standards and eventually identifying gaps for future work.

Franco Bua*, ECD; Loredana Cristaldi, Politecnico di Milano; Cristina Lavecchia, ; Michele Liziero, ; Luigi Martirano, University of Rome Sapienza; Luca Mongiovì,

621

Voltage Control in Low Voltage Grids: a Comparison between the Use of Distributed Photovoltaic Converters or Centralized Devices

In this paper, three solutions for the control of voltage in LV grids with high photovoltaic (PV) penetration are simulated and compared. The first solution corresponds to the use of distributed PV converters to regulate voltage in their connection points. On the contrary, in the other cases a centralized control is performed: an On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) or a Static Var Compensator (SVC) is installed inside the MV/LV transformer station. Benefits on voltage profiles and reduction of losses are simulated in a real grid. Consumption and PV generation profiles come from accurate measurements performed in apartment and office buildings with 1-second step.

Alessandro Ciocia*, POLITECNICO DI TORINO; Gianfranco Chicco, POLITECNICO DI TORINO; Paolo Di Leo, POLITECNICO DI TORINO; Filippo Spertino, POLITECNICO DI TORINO; Marco Gai, Politecnico di Torino; Nouredine Hadj-Said, Grenoble INP; Andrea Mazza, Politecnico di Torino

623

Assessment Criteria for a Distributed Energy Measurement and Monitoring System

It is well known that the control of energy consumptions in a building or in an organization enables to improve the energy performance (EP). The measurement plan defines the procedure for the design, deployment, utilization, maintenance and improvement of a distributed measurement and monitoring system (DMS). A DMS is able to measure and analyze the EP of the organization according to factors that influence the operation of the site. The paper suggests a method of assessment of a DMS based on different criteria. The paper fosued on the criterion of the Level of Coverage. The authors suggest the definition of a Level of Coverage Numeric Indicator (LoCNI) that evaluates the capacity of the DMS to track consumptions by zones and by uses.

Luigi Martirano*, University of Rome Sapienza; Luigi Borghi, Didelme Sistemi srl; Franco Bua, ECD; Loredana Cristaldi, Politecnico di Milano; Giulia Frattini, Energyteam spa; Giacomo Grigis, Schneider Electric S.pA.; Cristina Lavecchia, ; Michele Liziero, ; Luca Mongiovì, ; Emanuele Nastri, Ministero Sviluppo Economico; Enrico Tironi, Politecnico di Milano

624

First Observational campaign of space debris from OAG observatory

Global Earth observation for weather forecast and for global environmental monitoring is mainly conducted from space based sensors. The activity of the satellites carrying those instruments is under the risk of impacts from space debris. Protections from hypervelocity impacts can be devised only from debris that are smaller than say 1 cm. For larger sizes the only way to avoid destruction of the spacecraft is to monitor continuously the space around Earth. The bservations are conducted from ground based optical observatories and radar stations. By knowing position and orbital parameters of a space debris it is possible to reduce the impact probability by manoeuvring the satellite in advance from the debris predicted orbit. More and more observatories are gaining interest in this area and the “Planetarium and Astronomical Observatory of Gorga” decided recently to start this new activity. An observational campaign is planned for two telescopes available at the observatory. The paper will report the results of the observations.

Giampiero Sindoni*, Dip. Ing. Astronautica Elettrica ed Energetica (DIAEE) Sapienza University of Ro; Vincenzo Gagliarducci, ; Tommaso Di Sabato, Università di Lecce

627

A Novel Modulation Method for Reducing Common Mode Voltage in Three-Phase Inverters

Leakage current is originated from common mode voltage (CMV) time variations in a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system and results in several deficiencies. In this paper, a new method is proposed for reduction of CMV in a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) system. The CMV and total harmonic distortion produced by this method is less than most of other reduced CMV (RCM) methods. The integrity of the method is confirmed by simulation of 5kw three-phase system.

Negar Noroozi*, ; Mohammad Reza Zolghadri, Sharif University of Technology; Mokhtar Yaghoubi, Amirkabir university of technology

628

Data efficiency for the satellite LARES

LARES, together with other laser ranged satellites and other space geodesy techniques are used by the scientific community to monitor global environmental changes including melting of the polar icecaps. The accuracy reached today with these sophisticated techniques is very high since they allow to monitor for instance the Earth rotation axis shifts with accuracies of a few millimeters or better. In the case of laser ranging, this accuracy depends on many factors, but the main one is the number of the data collected by the tracking network daily. This raw data set is reduced to a compressed set of laser returns, called normal points—NPs, for analysis. The paper is devoted to describing the quantity and quality of the satellite laser ranging (SLR) data acquired from the satellite LARES with respect to other similar satellites. This analysis is instrumental to understand the accuracy required in the field of Earth science and in particular of global environmental monitoring.

Claudio Paris*, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi; Antonio Paolozzi, Sapienza University of Rome

629

State-Feedback Nonlinear Control of Three-phase Grid Connected to the Photovoltaic System

In this paper, the control problem of three-phase grid connected to the PV system through a LCL filter is presented. In this work, we seek the achievement of three control objectives: (i) the voltage provided by PV panel must be controlled to achieve the optimum power by means of controlling the input voltage of DC/DC converter; (ii) regulating the DC link voltage to a constant reference value; (iii) Providing a current with sinusoidal waveform and in phase with the grid voltage by means of controlling DC/AC converter (Power Factor Correction). To meet these threefold objectives, a cascade nonlinear controllers is developed making use of the Lyapunov control design technique. The control system includes also a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) based on Incremental Conductance “with variable step” algorithm.

CHAOUQI AOUADI*, Faculty of sciences ben m'sik; YASSER BOUSSAIRI, FSBM; ABDELMAJID ABOULOIFA, FSBM; ABDELLATIF HAMDOUN, FSBM; MERIEM AOURIR, FSBM; Ibtissam Lachkar,

630

El Nino effects on Earth rotation parameters from LAGEOS and LARES orbital analysis

Earth rotation, besides external actions due to other bodies in the solar system, is influenced by internal mass redistributions, including its atmospheric and water envelope. El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one such event characterized by sea level change in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean due to an increase of the temperature by about 2C. ESNO is manifested with irregular periodicity and with different strength. Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) to orbiting satellites such as LAGEOS and LARES in conjunction with the other geodedic techniques, such as GNSS and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), allow very accurate determination of the center of mass and rotation vector of the Earth. The paper will report on the experimental values of the Earth orientation parameters and in particular of the center of mass and the length of the day with particular reference to signatures due to last ESNO event ended in 2016.

Erricos C. Pavlis, Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center; Giampiero Sindoni*, Dip. Ing. Astronautica Elettrica ed Energetica (DIAEE) Sapienza University of Ro; Antonio Paolozzi, Sapienza University of Rome; Ignazio Ciufolini, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell?Innovazione Salento University and Centro Fermi ; Alessandro Gabrielli, ASI

631

Speed control of a DC motor using a fractional order sliding mode controller

In this paper, a fractional-order sliding mode controller for a DC laboratory velocity servo system is established. First, the permanent magnet DC motor is identified through step response data. Then, a fractional-order sliding mode controller based on a fractional-order sliding surface is constructed. The experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed non-integer sliding mode controller in both command following and load disturbance rejection.

Saeed Heidarpoor, Islamic Azad University; Mohammad Tabatabaei*, Islamic Azad university; Hamed Khodadadi, Khomeinishahr branch, Islamic

632

Novel Controllers Based on Instantaneous p-q Power Theory for Transformerless SSSC and STATCOM

This paper investigates the operational performances of transformerless static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) and transformerless static synchronous shunt compensator (STATCOM), based on novel control schemes which are founded on instantaneous p-q power theory. In this paper, as reactive power compensators, the transformerless SSSC is used for controlling power flow of a 132 kV transmission line and the transformerless STATCOM is designed to regulate a bus voltage in a 6.6 kV distribution system. The proposed control systems use instantaneous p-q power theory in innovative ways that devote themselves not only to meet the reactive power demand but also to balance the DC link voltages.

Maysam Abbasi*, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; Behrouz Tousi, Urmia University

633

Nonlinear control of a Single Phase Shunt Active Filter connected photovoltaic systems via sliding mode

Renewable sources of energy are one of the emerging technology. In This paper, there will be presented control, analysis and simulation of a Single Phase Shunt Active Power Filter connected Photovoltaic system. This system is used to ensure the correction of the power factor and to eliminate harmonics generated by a non-linear load, and at the same time, using the same inverter, injecting in the power grid electric energy produced by solar panels, regulated by the MPPT and also to regulate the DC bus voltage of the active filter. The sliding mode control can be applied in power filter as a kind of non-linear control, this kind of control doesn’t need accurate model of system. Therefore, robustness of APF control is improved. The System's stability is ensured by Lyapunov framework using system averaging theory. An experiment based on MATLAB/SIMULlNK is designed to confirm the validity of proposed APF controller for this system.

Aicha ELALLALI*, Faculté des sciences ben m'sik; ABDELMAJID ABOULOIFA, FSBM; Ibtissam Lachkar, lachkaribtissam@gmail.com; chaimaa taghzaoui, Faculté des sciences ben m'sik Casablanca; Youssef MCHAOUAR, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sik ; ABDELLATIF HAMDOUN, FSBM

635

Fiber-based wide field-of-view optical antenna for non-line-of-sight wireless optical communication

We present a novel fiber-based optical antenna for free-space non-line-of-sight optical communication, particularly optimized for solar-blind ultraviolet communication. The device utilizes non-overlapping fiber bundle hemisphere for wide FOV and quantum limited detection with high SNR.

Feras AbouGalala*, American Uni of Middle East

637

A Second-order Cone Based Relaxation and Decomposition Multi-period Reactive Power Optimization Considering Uncertain PV Integration in Active Distribution Networks

Multi-period reactive power optimization in active distribution networks are investigated considering uncertain PV integration in this paper to overcome the time-consuming and PV uncertainty in the optimization model and its solvation. Main contributions of this paper are related to the MPRPO model with PV uncertainty and its methodology. Such contributions are summarized below: 1) To address the time-dependent discrete and continuous variables in MPRPO model, this paper proposes a second-order cone based relaxation and decomposition (SOCRD) method to coordinate mixed variables and decouple the inter-temporal constraint. The proposed SOCRD method consists of three stages: first, second-order cone programming (SOCP) is first implemented to find continuous values for the discrete variables; second, several small-scale integer programming models are built to recover the optimal discrete variables based on the reactive power sensitivity analysis; third, a new SOCP is implemented with fixed discrete values to correct continuous variables to guarantee continuous constraints. The proposed method is able to decompose into three sub-problems which can be solved efficiently in a polynomial time. 2) Taking advantage of both prevalent stochastic optimization and robust optimization methodology, this paper presents a distributionally robust optimization to cope with the stochastic problem due to uncertainty of PV. It allows uncertain PV generation to follow ambiguous distribution with known expectations and variances, and then the probability distribution function is restricted in a functional uncertainty set. Extensive numerical tests performed on the IEEE-33 bus system and IEEE-69 bus validate the efficiency of the proposed method. It is of high insight to be applied in practical large distribution systems for on-line reactive power optimization computation.

Shiyu Liu*, Politecnico di Milano; Tao Ding, ; Zhaohong Bie, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Yang Hong, Politecnico di Milano; Alberto Berizzi, Politecnico di Milano

639

FPGA-based Hardware-in-the-Loop system bits capacity evaluation based on induction motor model

Hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) systems nowadays become popular. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) allow creating the HiL with time step 1 microsecond or less. FPGA usually processes numerical operations with Fixed Point variables. That is why during the FPGA-based HiL creation process it is important to select a proper number of bits for model variables. A mathematical model based on the Induction motor is selected as a basis for the experimental numerical calculation. In consequence, recommendations for the Bit Capacity selection are given, based on the obtained results.

Mikhail Mudrov*, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; Anatolii Ziuzev, Ural Federal University; Konstantin Nesterov, Ural Federal University; Stanimir Valtchev, UNINOVA/CTS, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa

641

The Development of a Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for indoor Multi-Data inspection

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have been widely used in many fields. But inside room, it is difficult for the drone to perform the appointed task. Besides, wireless sensor network (WSN) has been widely used in various fields. But it cannot be centralized to process and maintain. In the field of path planning of UAV, it is still a problem. Keeping in view the above shortcomings, a new solution that based on target detection and locating technology is proposed in this paper, which acquires measured data of different points by using a micro UAV equipped with a set of non-contact, low power consumption and fast response sensors instead of WSN indoors. The key issue for this topic is the path planning of the drone in a closed space. Two vision based methods were proposed for the path planning. In the experiment, method A behaved more stable than method B during the flight. The result shows that the new method that using a UAV equipped with a set of sensors to measure some data at different points in a closed space is feasible. It costs much lower than other aforementioned methods and is flexible to change of its sensors for further application, which has an advantage over other methods.

Yonghong Yin*, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Yu Chen, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Lu Wan, Politecnico di Milano; Yuqi Zhang, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Yuxin Yang, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Alessandro Ferrero, Politecnico di Milano

642

Calculation of Complex Permittivity for Shielding Effectiveness Equivalence

Abstract—Multilayer composite materials are used for many practical applications. A typical example is that the surface coating can significantly improve the electrical parameters with a very thin thickness. In order to analyze and improve the shielding effectiveness of this material, it is necessary to estimate the equivalent complex permittivity of multilayer materials based on the 3D-electromagnetic field simulation model or experiment results. A method is presented to calculate the complex permittivity of multilayer material for shielding effectiveness equivalence. Firstly, the simulation model of the multilayer material is established. After the process of wideband plane electromagnetic wave transmitting material layer, the magnitude and phase response in frequency domain are obtained. Secondly, based on the free-space transmission method in time domain and the theoretical model of uniform plane wave transmission process, the equivalent complex permittivity can be solved from equations under necessary hypothesis. This method can be used to obtain the simplified model (even change the thickness of layer) with the same shielding characteristics of multilayer materials, which can reduce the mesh density and the complexity of analysis in simulation. At the same time, it can be used to design the material structure that meet the shielding effectiveness requirements. Keywords—Complex permittivity; multilayer material; free-space transmission method; shielding effectiveness

Mingxiang Gao*, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Yanzhao Xie, Xi’an Jiaotong University; Qi Li, Xi’an Jiaotong University

644

Multi-physics Modeling and Optimized Design of Asymmetric Integrated Optical Sensor for Electromagnetic Pulse Measurement

Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) has the characteristics of large energy, short rise time, broad spectrum and wide coverage. Meanwhile, the measurement of ultrafast frontier EMP is receiving increasing attention in the fields of power systems design and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing. Particularly, ultra wide band (UWB) measurement of the EMP characteristics, involving a pulse rise time ranging from hundred picoseconds to several nanoseconds, and amplitude from 1 kV/m to 100 kV/m, is a challenging issue. In fact, due to the considerable size and metallic parts of conventional sensors, it is difficult to make accurate measurements of such intense and fast transient electric fields (E-fields), and the predetermined limited detectable range and measurable bandwidth also restrict conventional sensors to meet simultaneously the measuring request of ultrafast frontier EMP. To avoid these problems, an integrated optical E-field sensor (IOES) based on Pockels effect has been proposed. It has compact configuration, wide bandwidth, fast response and tiny metal antenna. Therefore, considering the use of this sensor for the measurement of ultrafast frontier EMPs appears to be reasonable. In this paper, a novel IOES employing the asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and the combined tapered dipole antenna with electrode is proposed. The asymmetric MZI is optimized in order to achieve over 90°static operating point adjustment range of the sensor. And a multi-physics model of the sensor is developed for optimizing the structure of IOES. Moreover, the application of multi-physics method on IOES design is a novel method which can be used to analyze the mechanism of ambient effect on sensor. In the multi-physics simulation model, several key aspects as well as the role of specific parameters are investigated, such as the half-wave voltage, linear measurement range, static operating point and the frequency domain response characteristics.

Lu Wan*, Politecnico di Milano; YU CHEN, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Yonghong Yin, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Sergio Pignari, Politecnico di Milano; Flavia Grassi, Politecnico di Milano; Yonghong Chen, Xi'an Jiaotong University

646

Service Continuity of PV Synchronous Buck/Buck-Boost Converter With Energy Storage

The fault tolerant operation of a Buck/Buck-Boost converter with energy storage for PV energy harvesting systems is discussed in this paper. The proposed reconfigurable converter topology allows to guarantee continuity of service in open circuit switch fault cases when a synchronous control is applied. A single additional switch, associated with two diodes, allows to keep the same power exchanges capabilities after fault diagnosis, without modifying the synchronous control applied in healthy conditions. The proposed fault tolerant system is validated by simulation, and the obtained results confirm the effectiveness of service continuity under open circuit switch fault.

Saima Siouane, ; Slavisa Jovanovic*, University of Lorraine; Philippe Poure,

647

Charging Electric Vehicles Using Opportunistic Stopovers

The diffusion of electric vehicles asks for efficient energy replenishment, which requires geographical and temporal coordination of shared charging resources. We introduce a novel charging methodology that exploits users' opportunistic mobility, which serves users' needs. Mobility is traditionally exploited to predict battery depletion, we instead focus on stopovers, to detect potential charging opportunities. Our mobility-assisted methodology protects users privacy and permits a hybrid centralized/distributed approach avoiding clashes with other potential users. A preliminary analysis regarding our charging system, using mobility data from the field, shows that among the available charging stations, some are more relevant and have a key role in serving electric vehicle recharge. This can be useful for further investigation on designing charging networks and aggregating electric vehicles towards charging stations.

Pierluigi Gallo*, University of Palermo

648

Protection of group 2 medical locations (operating rooms) from atmospheric surges

Medical locations are classified by IEC according to the use of “applied parts”. An applied part is a piece of electrical equipment which is brought or might come in physical contact with the patient, or needs to be touched by the patient during a medical treatment. In this context the IEC 60364 standard defines a series of specific requirements to ensure higher availability of the plant, reliability and, not least, safety from the risk of electric shock, particularly, but not exclusively, for the patient. Accordingly, the IEC 62305-2 standard, which is dedicated to risk management for the protection against lightning, states that the assessment of such protection is a necessary issue for medical structures. In this paper, after a short and concise description of a typical plant in an operating room (Group 2 location), attention is drawn to measures that have to be adopted in order to protect medical electrical devices and plants from direct and/or induced surges due to lightning strokes.

Giovanni Luca Amicucci*, INAIL; Fabio Fiamingo, INAIL-DIT

649

Simulation rsearch on radiation interference of pole switch caused by switching operations

In traditional distribution switch, secondary devices are designed as installing far away from primary devices so near-field electromagnetic interference is relatively weak. However, in new ‘primary-secondary attached switching devices’ scheme, the distance between high and low voltage parts are very close that secondary device often behaves abnormally during the prototype test. Therefore it is necessary to consider the near-field radiation and evaluate its affect to secondary devices. This paper aims to simulate a 12kV primary-secondary integrated pole switch and calculate the amplitude of magnetic field inside this equipment, by using CST Microwave Studio. Accuracy and reliability of simulation results is improved because of the model direct importing and circuit-field co-calculation. Calculation results point out that when this kind of pole switch is equipped in grid, the second equipments attached nearby will be suffered from more than 100A/m amplitude magnetic radiations, although the frequency of radiation by switching operations is low, but this may also have a interference on second equipments working conditions. This simulation method also can be considered providing a new reference for afterwards similar electro-magnetic radiation researching on intelligent apparatus,especially distribution switchings.

Yimin Zhao*, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Yongxiang Yu, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Haomin Li, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Yingsan Geng, Xi'an Jiaotong University

650

Accidents with injuries or death during non-electrical work activities near overhead power lines

The contact or the approach to overhead power lines of medium or high voltage can cause accidents with serious injuries or death. Usually the workers involved in such accidents are those who use vehicles or tools with parts that may approach the power lines. The place where the accident occurs is very often a building construction site. Laws and regulations allow the identification of appropriate safety distances and procedures that one has to follow in the event that a non-electrical work activity should be carried out in the surroundings of a power line. The safe distance must be not less than the limits set out in the applicable regulations unless one adopts organizational and procedural requirements, assuring the protection of workers from the resultant risk. Admissible exceptions are those resulting from the application of good practice standards. To prevent the occurrence of future accidents the following things are essentials: the strict application of correct working procedures, information and training of workers, respect of timing, carefully performed operations and no distraction.

Giovanni Luca Amicucci*, INAIL; Maria teresa Settino, INAIL

651

Usage of RFId in safety applications

RFId (Radio-Frequency Identification) is a technology that allows remote recognition of an item by means of radio communications. A transponder (also named tag) is coupled to the object that one has to recognize. The tag can record information such as personal data, photo, bar code, ID code, date and time of a transit, direction of the transit, and other information. The tag can be printed or inserted into objects of different shape (such as a badge), and coated with the most suitable material for the usage that one wishes to do and then customized with prints, images, text, logos, photos and barcodes. A suitable reader interrogates the tags to obtain the information of interest. The RFId systems allow innovative solutions to achieve some of the goals of health and safety requirements. The present work aims to present some applications in healthcare, too.

Giovanni Luca Amicucci*, INAIL; Fabio Fiamingo, INAIL-DIT

652

The Synthetical Reliability Evaluation of Distribution Network Considering the System Voltages Adjustment

As the rapid development of our society and economy, the demand to electricity is gradually increasing recently with our grid going to be high efficient, flexible, reliable and high quality. As one of the most important electrical public fundamental, distribution network get much improved and be required in more. In order to mobilize all the resource avaliabale to solve all kinds problem of the distribution system when the fault occurs, the system state indexes can’t be analysed separetedly. Thus, a synthetical reliability evaluation approach should be designed to estimate the state of distribution system, to get all-sided estimation parameters, so that we can learn distribution system more deeply. In modern society, the project such as production of the precisions lift the requirement to the power supply. Besides the supply continuety and stability, more attention are pay on the system voltage level and voltage stability and so on. Therefore, traditional reliability evaluation method with only some those reliability indexes can not meet the situation and voltage attribute parameters and current power losses also need be calculated at the same time, which can prove a more comprehensive estimation for distribution system. Based on related reserches from domestic and overseas, this paper is to find an efficient, feasible and flexiable synthetical reliability evaluation of distribution network.

Yang Hong*, Xi'an Jiangtong University; Zhaohong Bie, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Gengfeng Li, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Shiyu Liu, Politecnico di Milano

653

Energy Consumption Modelling and Forecasting in Automotive Paint Shop

The subject of this paper is a model able to give an analytical formulation of physical phenomena involved in the automotive paint shop processes and to provide energy consumption forecasts. To test and validate the model an assembly plant of the FCA group was chosen. The validation work, still in place, coincided with a measurement campaign carried out in the selected factory in order to gather actual energy consumption data from each sub-process, and to compare these with expected consumptions. The monitoring activity performed has developed a transferable methodology useful to test the model in other factories.

Aldo Canova*, Politecnico di torino; Vincenzo Di Lago, Centro Ricerche Fiat; Francesco Baglivo, Fiat; Giuseppe Laudicina, Politecnico di Torino

654

Long term performance of a PV system with monocrystalline PV cells – a case study

The paper presents long term performance analysis of a photovoltaic system with monocrystalline silicon PV cells, which is operated at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at Wroclaw University of Science and Technology. As part of the analysis a simulation of photovoltaic system with similar technical parameters was done and compared to the real installation. The results of this research include characteristics of average value of generated power and energy, insolation, module temperature, and outside temperature.

Dominika Kaczorowska, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Zbigniew Leonowicz*, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Jacek Rezmer, Wroclaw University of Technology; Przemyslaw Janik, Wroclaw University of Technology

655

Smart Inverter Voltage Drop Detection As Arc Fault Protection in Power Converter for PV Applications

In this work is presented an analysis of the impact that basic components present in photovoltaic arrangements have in the conventional Arc Fault (AF) protection systems, two of this components are the MPPT tracking system and the DC/AC Converter. With a deeper understanding of PV arrangements, a more efficient focus to prevent faults employing the converter control is proposed. The two components study in this work have a switching behavior, this has an impact in the harmonic content of current and voltage signals conventionally employed in Arc Fault Detection Devices (AFDD), a comparative analysis of simulation results between both real and ideal schematic validate the statement above.

Benjamin Vidales Luna*, Universite Lorraine ; Serge Weber, Universite Lorraine; Patrick SCHWEITZER , Université de Lorraine; domingo Torres Lucio , Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia; Manuel Madrigal Martinez, Technological Institute of Morelia

656

Research on Nonlinear Conductivity-Temperature Characteristic of Polyimide Modified by ZnO and its Trap Distribution

Polyimide is widely used in aerospace. Spacecraft would be radiated by energized particles, leads to the accumulation of charges in internal dielectric. Researches show that the most effect way to eliminate or impair internal discharge is by modifying the dielectric with inorganic metal oxides so that the conductivity of modified dielectric will increase fast as the static electric field increases. In this way the internal charges will be transferred under a relatively low electric strength and impulsive discharge will be avoild. In this article polyimide was modified by ZnO in both micron size and nanometer size. The distribution of trap energy level was calculated by improved quasi-continuous distribution method after the thermally stimulated depolarization currents test，and the nonlinear-conductivity tests were performed under 25℃、60℃、80℃、100℃, and the mechanism was discussed. At last, the charge-discharge test under simulated space environment was performed as a verification test.

Kangning Li*, 西安交通大学; Bo Zhang, 西安交通大学; Xiaoquan Zheng, 西安交通大学

657

Start-up, functionalities and protection issues for CHB-based Solid State Transformers

Solid State Transformers (SSTs) are envisioned as an alternative to conventional Line Frequency Transformers (LFT) able to meed with the requirements of future power systems. Intensive studies covering SSTs’ applications, topologies, functionalities and the performance are in progress. Other relevant aspects to consider are the startup (energization) of the transformer as well as its behavior and potential control strategies in the event of anomalies, e.g. imbalances in the load or even short-circuits. This papers addresses all these issues for CHB-based SSTs.

Jose Maria Cuartas Alonso*, INAEL; Fernando Briz del Blanco, UNIOVI; Mario Lopez, UNIOVI; Antonio de la Cruz, INAEL

658

IR thermography as a preliminary tool in acoustical inspection of ancient historical structures

The use of non destructive techniques (NDT) and especially Infrared thermography is largely accepted in diagnostics. Thermography detects Infrared radiation emitted from surfaces and convert it in temperature pictures. In this paper, we used infrared thermography as a tool to be used also in the acoustical inspection of confined historical and/or ancient structures, with the aim of evidencing potential resonant elements hidden behind reconstruction and repair works occurred during the years. The chance of discovering non visible cavities behind walls can lead to completely different acoustics of the environment, and to different interpretation of the use of environments for acoustical representations

Dario Ambrosini, L'Aquila University; Fabio Bisegna*, Universita degli studi di Roma Sapienza

659

Third Order Harmonic Elimination Technique For APFC Circuit

This article presents a new design of active power factor correction (APFC) circuit that can be used in single phase rectifiers. The proposed circuit provides almost a unity input power factor (PF) which contributes significantly in reduction of the total current harmonic distortion (THD_I) as it eliminates the third harmonic component effectively from the input current. The most important attribute of this circuit is the small size and numbers of components (one switch, small size (L \& C) and a diode), which have been designed to get a unity PF at the AC source side. Therefore, the new circuit is cheaper, smaller size and lighter than other conventional PFC circuits. In addition, the new proposed circuit is a snubber-less and uses reasonably low switching frequency which reduces switching losses and increases efficiency. The circuit has been designed and simulated using Lt-spie simulink program.

Hussein Al-bayaty*, Plymouth

660

A Single–Input Dual–Output Boost Converter With PI Controller

In this paper, the proposed SIMO (Single input multiple outputs) DC-DC converter based on coupled inductor. The required controllable high DC voltage and intermediate DC voltage with high voltage gain from low input voltage sources, like renewable energy, can be achieved easily from the proposed converter. The high voltage DC bus can be used as the leading power for a DC load and intermediate voltage DC output terminals can charge supplementary power sources like battery modules. This converter operates simply with one power switch. It incorporates the techniques of voltage clamping (VC) and zero current switching (ZCS). The simulation result in PSIM software shows that the aims of high efficiency, high voltage gain, several output voltages with unlike levels, are achieved.

NIHARIKA DESHPANDE*, Student; amol nikum,

661

Optimization of Compact Overhead Lines of 138/230kV: Optimal Selection and Arrangement of Cables and Definition of the Better Transmission Line Tower Topology

Due to the problem of the growing necessity to transmit large electric power packages in high voltage within large urban centers, the construction of compact transmission lines with multiple circuits (LTC) becomes interesting. In this context, this paper presents a new methodology for LTC's optimization implemented on software, which includes since the selection of the topology of the structure until the choice of the conductor and protection cables and its optimal positioning. This methodology includes up to four circuits of 138kV and 230 kV in the same tower and makes use of evolutionary optimization techniques to many objectives and decision making. The obtained results demonstrate the excellence of the proposed methodology.

Marcos Felipe Ribeiro*, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG); João Vasconcelos, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG); Douglas Teixeira, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG)

662

A Comparative Analysis of Loss of Excitation Protection Methods for Synchronous Generators

Synchronous generators require to be protected against loss of excitation (LOE) because this event threatens the generator and power system stability. Over the years, several methods have been proposed for LOE detection. Thereby, this works aims to show the performance of the loss of excitation protection methods in synchronous generators. Comprehensive simulation studies of total LOE and partial LOE are accomplished for various generator conditions and system disturbances. The performed studies demonstrate depending of initial generator loading, a partial loss of excitation may damage the machine. Still, in order to test the method's security to Stable Power Swings have been done. The results show that majority of the methods discussed presented difficulties in the detection of partial loss of excitation.

Mairon Gallas*, UFSM; Adriano Morais, UFSM; Adriano Marchesan, UFSM; Ghendy Junior, UFSM; Guilherme Costa, Federal University of Santa Maria

663

Curve Fitting Analysis of Time-Current Characteristic of Expulsion Fuse Links

Expulsion fuse link is widely used in the distribution systems protection. Generally, the manufactures provide only the fuse time-current characteristic (TCC). The TCC is formed by two curves: Minimum Melting (MM) and Total Clearing (TC). In computational simulations, the main gap is the representation of the fuse link. Due to this fact, the present work aims to model the fuse link using the MM and TC characteristics of preferred fuses through mathematical functions.

Guilherme Costa*, Federal University of Santa Maria; Adriano Marchesan, UFSM; Adriano Morais, UFSM; Ghendy Junior, UFSM; Mairon Gallas, UFSM

664

Case Library Construction Technology of Energy Loss in Country Distribution Networks Considering the Regional Differentiation

The factors that influence the energy loss are differentiated in country distribution networks and the engineering loss-reducing methods could be regarded as similar cases for references. Through choosing the characteristic state values on the individual voltage levels and applying the methods of Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and K-Nearest Neighbor Approach (KNN), the methods of case representation, case analysis and case indexing for case library of energy loss in A+~E distribution networks are proposed. On the basis of case library construction technology, the analysis software is then developed and applied. Case studies show that there are many differences to these factors among differentiated distribution networks and the difference can be suggested to the case library, which provides a way to form the differential schemes of saving energy and reducing loss.

Ze Yuan*, China Agricultural University

665

Some Aspects of Steady State Simulations of AC/DC Hybrid Transmission Lines

The use of hybrid AC/DC overhead transmission lines is an option to increase the power line transport capacities and to reduce the width of the right-of-ways. On the other side the proximity of power circuits of different rated voltages and frequencies on the same tower intensifies interferences between power circuits. One of undesirable effects of the proximity of AC and DC power circuits is possible penetration of DC components into AC power circuits. DC components can saturate the magnet systems of transformers and disturb the network operation. In the paper is shown that the neglection of some aspects of the transmission line steady state modeling can cause erroneous estimation of the DC components in the simulated AC power circuits of AC/DC hybrid transmission lines.

Alexander Novitskiy*, Ilmenau University of Technology; Dirk Westermann, Ilmenau University of Technology

666

Power Distribution for the SPIDER and MITICA Experiments at the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility: A System Description and Analyses

The installed power on the SPIDER and MITICA experiments of the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility is 13.4 MVA and 83.3 MVA respectively. The paper describes architecture and features of the associated power distribution system, discussing the operational implications of key design choices and illustrating the results of supporting analyses.

Marco Bigi*, Consorzio RFX; Gabriele Lazzaro, Consorzio RFX; Alberto Maistrello, Consorzio RFX; Antonio De Lorenzi, Consorzio RFX

667

Architeture Criteria for a Distributed Energy Monitoring System

Efficiency standards cover 30% of energy use and a lot of activity are sponsored in order to check and classify industrial activities. The standards relating of energy management emphasize the role of the measurement activity but no exhaustive guidelines have been published in order to suggest how to specify a measurement system devoted to measure and analyze energy performances. It is clear that in this scenario guidelines for the definition of measurement plan and specifications of measurement architectures are mandatory. This paper aims at contributing to the work of CEN-CENELEC JWG9 “Energy measurement plan for organizations” by providing background information for the development of its standards and eventually identifying gaps for future work

Loredana Cristaldi*, Politecnico di Milano; Enrico Tironi, Politecnico di Milano; Luca Mongiovì, ; Michele Liziero, ; Giacomo Grigis, Schneider Electric S.pA.; Luigi Martirano, Sapienza University of Rome; Cristina Lavecchia, ; Giulia Frattini, Energyteam spa; Luigi Borghi, Didelme Sistemi srl

668

An Analyatical Approach For Transmission Expansion Planning With Generation Variations

Planning for expanding a power system under different scenarios is one of the major challenge for power engineers hence, it is very important and essential to implement a well-balanced system over a time horizon under suitable assumptions and available constraints. Transmission expansion planning is one of this task. Here it is important to develop a suitable planning structure. In this paper some analytical approaches have been implemented for specific load condition with variations in generation.

RAMINDER KAUR*, PEC University of Technology ; TARLOCHAN KAUR, PEC University of Technology Chandigarh; MANEESH KUMAR, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

669

Optimal Combining Scheme to ReducePowerLoss in Distribution System by Considering Carbon Emission

Power loss produces great influence on the economic operation of the distribution system. In order to explore the power loss issue of distribution system, an optimal combining scheme is proposed to implement the loss-reduction and energy-saving. First of all, the influence factors of the power loss are analyzed and classified from the structure and operating aspects. Then, the mathematic model of the proposed scheme, including the objective function and constraint conditions, is built. Moreover, the improved Genetic Algorithm is utilized to solve the optimal measures by considering the carbon Emission. Finally, the actual 10kV line is employed to evaluate the performances of the proposed combining scheme. The results of this paper will promote the power loss-reduction of the distribution system in the rural area.

Hongwei Tang*, China Agricultural University

671

Finite Difference Method in calculating magnetic field within substation environment for EMC studies

Within the automated substation, all equipment installed need to be compatible with each other. The electromagnetic environment within high voltage substations needs to be correctly predicted and quantified. This is due to more and more sensitive microelectronic devices are introduced in proximity to the switching devices in the switchyard. This trend will only increase with the advent of the ‘smart grid’; therefore, there is a need to reassess the substation environment compatibility for current circumstances. In this paper, the calculation methods used to determine magnetic field distribution within substation environment has been reviewed. New calculation method that focusing at specific area in a substation is calculated using an in-house developed numerical algorithm within Matlab. The magnetic field calculated using finite difference equation of any specific area in substation to have better resolution for further investigation before installing new devices

Aine Izzati Tarmizi*, UTeM

672

Survey of Electric Power Supplies Used in Nuclear Fusion Experiments

Nuclear fusion could ensure a large-scale, safe, environmentally-friendly and virtually inexhaustible source of energy. A nuclear fusion facility can be considered as a complex electrical machine with many power supply and electrical systems. This paper presents a survey of the main features of the power supplies in nuclear fusion facilities. The main characteristics in terms of nominal ratings, operational parameters and performances are shown and compared for many tokamak experiments, such as JET, ITER, JT-60SA, ASDEX, EAST, FTU, and DTT. Particular attention is given to the latter because of its importance in view of DEMO.

Alessandro Lampasi*, ENEA Frascati; Simone Minucci, University of Naples Federico II

675

PV Output Power Smoothing Using Flywheel Storage System

A large penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) characterizes the next generation power grid. Yet the intermittent nature of such resources introduces new challenges in the power grid. In this paper, we explore the employment of flywheel to smooth the output power of a PV system.We introduce an energy management approach that is based on moving average (MA) and linear programming (LP) to optimize the operation of the flywheel storage system. The MA is tracked to reduce the fluctuation whereas optimization is used to find the optimal charging and discharging periods that takes into consideration the production forecast. The main advantage of flywheel compared to other storage systems is the long life of such system, i.e., the lifetime of the flywheel is not affected by frequent charging and discharging. We exploit the PV production forecast to optimize the operation of the flywheel.

Abdalkarim Awad*, University of Erlangen; Iyad Tumar, ; Mohammed Hussein, ; Wasel Ghanem,

676

The European DEMO Fusion Reactor: Design Status and Challenges from Balance of Plant and Electrical Power Supply System Point of View

DEMO initial conceptual design studies are being conducted in Europe as part of the EU roadmap which aims to the demonstration of electricity produced by nuclear fusion reactor around the middle of this century. DEMO in Europe is the nearest-term reactor design to follow ITER, under construction in France, and capable of demonstrating production of electricity, operating with a closed fuel-cycle and to be a facilitating machine between ITER and a commercial reactor. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the project, of the characteristics of the main systems and of the relevant main challenges in terms of design, integration and operation.

Sergio Ciattaglia, EUROfusion; Luciana Barucca, Ansaldo; Gianfranco Federici, ; Elena Gaio, RFX; Alessandro Lampasi*, ENEA Frascati; Simone Minucci, University of Naples Federico II

677

Real Time Implementation of Three Phase Phasor Measurement Unit as per IEEE Standards C37.118

The electrical grid comprises of a large scale integration of electrical machines and has evolved rapidly over the last century to accommodate new technologies, increases in electricity demand, and a growing need for more reliable, diverse sources of electricity. Even on an hourly basis, the grid is changing, with different sources of electricity being manipulated to satisfy demand at the least cost. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is the future of electrical grids that has paved the way towards automating systems for smart grids, from a post-event forensics tool to more real-time wide area monitoring and control. The paper discusses the design of a prototype for the implementation of a real time monitoring system that employs the use of a three phase Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) complying with the requirements set in IEEE Standards C37.118.1 & C37.118.2. The reference for time stamping is GPS’s 1PPS signal. The processor used is Raspberry Pi 3 for the development of PMU and Windows Core 2 Duo computer for the development of PDC. MATLAB is used for plotting of real time data. The paper also compares this model with the previous models of PMU made by the Electrical Engineering department of the affiliated institution.

Manaal Shaikh*, NED University of Engg & Tech

678

Hybrid Time Triggered Protocol for Home Wireless Communications

During the last few years an increasing focus has been made by the research community in utilizing wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in an abundant variety of different applications. Such types of sensor networks are usually supplied by non-rechargeable batteries in order to reduce the expenses. Multi-hop wireless sensor networks frequently utilize a time-division multiple-access (TDMA) plan with the purpose to systematically gather data from various positions of an extended region. The proposed access methods for the Medium Access Control (MAC) in this study combine hybrid proprieties. The proposed MAC specifies that in a given time interval the access to the medium has to be entirely free and without restrictions between the exterior nodes. While this event lasts the nodes compete for a slot in the network. The proposed methodology has the name of time-division hybrid multiple-access (TDHMA). Full results, detailed analysis and further conclusions will be published in the full paper.

Eduardo M. G. Rodrigues*, University of Beira Interior; Radu Godina, University of Beira Interior; Edris Pouresmaeil, ; João P.S. Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto

679

Power Control in an Isolated Microgrid Based on Battery Energy Storage System

Power stability based on energy storage systems to share the load between distributed generation (DG) plants in island mode is the main issue in the microgrids(MGs). Stability is an important component in energy management and planning of MG. At the first part of this article, definitions and stability issues classification are presented. In addition, methods of transient stability improvement in MG at different articles and references have been analyzed. Because of large disturbance (such as fault occurrence in system) in the duration of system’s operation, the survey and analyze of transient stability is being considered. So, in this article, power control based on active power control method is analyzed. Studies demonstrate that MG stable operation in cases of proper use of control strategies is existing. In islanding mode, according to violence dependence of system’s dynamic to local load changes and stability improvement after fault occurrence, the design of controller algorithm is necessary. In this article, demonstrated that to frequency-load control, one of DG units is master and the other one is the slave. Proposed controller based on energy storage system is designed according to load uncertain. In the final section, due to demonstrating the improvement and superior robustness of proposed controller to load dynamic, fault occurrence in system and controller capability in over demand supply and decrease short term produced power, frequency and voltage control by energy storage system. Consider a comparison between classic and proposed controller. Proposed control strategy under two scenarios (load change and fault occurrence) has a good performance. Finally, propose controller superior robustness performance evaluated by MATLAB/Simulink.

MOSTAFA KERMANI*, SAPIENZA University; Giuseppe Parise, "Universit? di Roma ""Sapienza"""; Luigi Martirano, University of Rome Sapienza; Morteza Kermani,

683

Measuring the protective role of clay-based renders in adobe masonry using thermal imaging and ultrasonic velocity imaging

The protective role of renders in masonry is well recognized. Renders constitute a constructing tradition since clay-based masonry but they were extensively used also in stone and brick structures up to modern concrete domination. Nevertheless, the positive role of renders cannot be measured and it is a rather qualitative parameter. In the present paper, adobe masonry was used un-rendered and rendered after exposing it to wetting-drying cycles. Two types of renders were used. Clay and lime were used as binders, river sand of 0-2mm as aggregates and in one case, nanoSiO2 was used in 1.5%w.w. of binders as additive. The techniques used to measure the final pathology were ultrasonic velocity imaging and thermal imaging. The aim is to suggest a methodology which can measure the deterioration and give a quantitative rather than qualitative evaluation.

Georgios Karagiannis*, ORMYLIA Foundation; Georgios Apostolidis, "ORMYLIA" Foundation; Maria Stefanidou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

687

Home and Building Automation through Social Network Platforms

People are using social networks for every aspect of their lives, and what this project does is to take advantage of it to develop a scalable platform in which the user could monitor their home, interacting with a virtual assistant running on a server listening to all events fired by the user. Therefore this paper propose a different use of social networks, to manage your home or building through them. The entire platform has been tested with multiple users, scenarios, and also it has been migrated to various frameworks and programming languages to ensure portability.

Luis Basaca*, CETYS University; Alvaro Moreno-Partida, CETYS University; Juan Terrazas, CETYS University; Miguel Ponce Camacho, CETYS University; Josue Lopez, CETYS University

691

Design of actual application software for power loss evaluation in distribution system

In order to evaluate the influence factor of the power loss in distribution system, an useful software is designed to analyze the power loss problems in this paper. First of all, the influence factors in distribution system are classified into device and operation aspects according to the relationship with the status of the distribution system. Then, the influence degrees of the typical factors are calculated based on sensitivity analysis algorithm. Next, the basic structure of the designed software is proposed. Moreover, the actual applications of the software are tested in the real distribution system. The results show that the designed software provides a powerful tool for power loss analysis in the differentiated and diversified distribution system.

Xiaoyu Zhao*, China Agricultural University

696

Vehicle electrification: a further variable toward integrated intelligent energy systems

Electrification of transportation create the premises for a strong interaction with the electric grid and the energy system management. While the need of fast and diffuse recharging clashes with the present infrastructure and topology of the grid, the possibility of modulating car recharge and, mainly, of managing the capacity of batteries in both electric vehicle and plug-in hybrid vehicles within the V2G framework offers opportunities, creating a bridge between mobility, electric grid and energy systems. The paper offers a large view on this new trends, with emphasis on the Demand-Response (DR) management systems and on the possible impact on vehicle and powertrain control.

Pierluigi Siano*, University of Salerno; Dario Marra, ; Gianfranco Rizzo, ; Francesco Tiano, ; Miadreza Shafie-khah, University of Beira Interior

697

Low Voltage Microgrid Islanding through Adaptive Load Shedding

The aim of this work is to propose an adaptive load shedding procedure for Microgrid application, designed for blackout prevention and frequency transient containment in case of Microgrid islanding. The goal of the adaptive load shedding algorithm is to define the minimal set of loads to be shed, able to maintain the electrical variables within defined performance thresholds, while ensuring the Microgrid system stability.

Federico Silvestro*, Universita' di Genova; Stefano Massucco, University of Genova; Fabio D'Agostino, UNIGE; Enrico Ragaini, ABB; Antonio Fidigatti, ; Fabio Monachesi, ABB SACE

698

Flexible secondary pad design for wireless power transfer providing public interoperability

To provide a public infrastructure for wireless power transfer (WPT) to electrical vehicles, the ability of interoperable use between infrastructure and vehicles of different manufacturers is necessary. For that reason a Wireless interoperable Power Transfer (WiPT) definition has been conceived and developed for pilot field operation. Due to its ability of interoperable use and being inherently safe, the IEC 61980-3 (TS) Annex AA [3] uses this concept for public under floor installations. One of the main feature of WiPT is the wide ranging flexibility for the design of vehicle pads. The concept of reaching this feature and corresponding secondary device design procedures are described.

Olaf Simon*, SEW Eurodrive; Thomas Krempel, SEW Eurodrive; Harald Wolf, SEW Eurodrive; Jochen Mahlein, SEW Eurodrive

699

Comparative Analysis of Different Topologies for Wireless Power Transfer Systems_

In the last years the use of the wireless power transfer systems has experienced a significant increase. In this context the study of the behavior of these systems has been the subject of debate for many researchers, in order to understand and improve their performances. This paper aims to bring a contribution in this regard. Based on previous studies, the paper makes a comparative analysis of three possible topologies met in wireless power transfer systems with inductive coupling, namely: series-series, series-parallel and parallel-parallel. Input and output quantities of the system are mainly represented here, for highlighting the conditions in which high performances are achieved. Finally important conclusions for practice are formulated.

Ioana-Gabriela Sirbu*, University of Craiova; Lucian Mandache, University of Craiova

701

An Innovative BESS Management for dynamic frequency restoration

In a future scenario within is simple foreseen a huge rise in the renewable energy production and, in the other hand, a traditional energy production curtailment, the role of the energy storage system will be increasingly important in order to guarantee the network frequency stability. In fact, in current network operation mode, traditional energy resources have a critical role in maintaining stability. Therefore, the integration of dynamic elements, distributed over the network, becomes mandatory to safeguarding the appropriate flexibility and stability. The present work proposes an original model for the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) management to provide ancillary services in the Power Systems. In detail, an intelligent and innovative methodology for BESS control and regulation is designed in order to ensure the network frequency stability and then the energy restoring.

Giorgio Graditi*, ENEA Portici; Roberto Ciavarella, ENEA; Maria Valenti, ENEA

709

Modified Newton Type Algorithm Based Frequency and Phase Estimation Technique in Harmonics-Polluted Grid with Degraded SNR Measurements

In this paper is analysed a modified Newton type algorithm (NTA) proposed in the literature to estimate the electrical signal spectral composition. As core of this study, it is given attention to the accuracy and sensitivity of the algorithm for base frequency and harmonic content characterization under noisy measurements. Convergence speed, stability issues and computational complexity of the implementation are detailed and compared over a wide range of Signal-to-Noise (SNR) values to Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based signal spectrum estimation method.

Eduardo M. G. Rodrigues*, University of Beira Interior; Radu Godina, University of Beira Interior; Edris Pouresmaeil, ; João P.S. Catalão, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto

710

Analysis and Simulation of Voltage Sags Using EMTP

This paper presents a wide set of EMTP models used to simulate the cause of voltage sags such as short circuit, transformer energizing, induction motor starting. Voltage sag usually describes the characteristics of both magnitude and duration, but it is necessary to detect phase angle jump in order to identify sags phenomena and finding the solutions, especially in case of sags due to short circuit. In case of the simulation of voltage sags due to short circuit, their effect on the magnitude, duration and phase-jump are studied.

Dung Vo Tien, VSB-TUO Ostrava; Radomir Gono, VSB-TUO Ostrava; Zbigniew Leonowicz*, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

711

Reduction of capacitor aging by the use of transient-free diode-based synchronous switch

This paper discusses an application of hybrid diode based switches, investigating its positive impact on the life of the capacitors. Switching of shunt capacitors in distribution systems can give rise to current and voltage transients. The major factors influencing the life of the components are the inrush current and the overvoltages occurring during the energizing transient, as well as the probability of prestrike and restrike. Switching overvoltages can trigger partial discharges in the capacitor insulation system, thus leading to a progressive degradation, until complete breakdown occurs. We apply a probabilistic life model, originally developed for cables subject to transients, to obtain numerical estimates for capacitors. Results show a decrease of the capacitor reliability at the design lifetime, caused by the transients, when traditional switching devices are used. In applications where capacitors are switched more frequently, a more severe decrease of reliability can occur. On the other hand, the use of a synchronized switch provides several advantages, namely: substantial reduction of inrush current and switching overvoltages compared to other switching technologies; and reduction of probability to have restrikes or prestrikes. These in turn increases the useful life of the capacitors.

Enrico Ragaini*, ABB; Francesco Viaro, ABB; Gian Carlo Montanari, Università di Bologna; Carlo Mastromauro, Politecnico di Milano

712

Full Bridge Three Port Converter Power Flow Control Using Fuzzy Logic Controller

The concept of using renewable energy sources usage is increasing day by day but there is a limitation of it as we cannot use standalone renewable system. With standalone systems the storage devices are used for backup power. The load and sources are interfaced by the power converters. In this paper, a new three port converter is analyzed. The analyzed converter is derived from full bridge converter which was split into two different cells; each cell is interfacing the input source. A cell is composed of two switches. The input to each switch in cell is inverted of other switch in a cell. A transformer is used between input and output port to provide galvanic isolation. The Fuzzy logic controller is used to control the power flow in three port converter which interfaces a PV panel, a battery and an output port to the load. The difference between two powers, PV panel power and demanded power, is used as input for fuzzy logic controller and the output of fuzzy logic controller offers two signals: the first signal is for the first cell while the second signal is for the second cell; Simulation results, concerning the fuzzy control of power flow in various circumstances where obtained in MATLAB/Simulink.

Sarab AL-Chlaihawi*, University Politehnica of Buc

714

Remote control a nanogrid: a cost-effective solution in a laboratory setup

This paper proposes a cost-effective solution useful to remotely control via Internet the operation of a nanogrid. The effectiveness and the goodness of the proposed solution is demonstrated in a laboratory setup via a 1kW single-phase nanogrid prototype. A development board Atmel EVK1100 is used to generate the PWM signals that force the IGBTs of all power converters belonging to the nanogrid. A single-board computer Raspberry Pi3 is used to interface the Atmel EVK1100 and a web server. The authors illustrate how Raspberry Pi3 regularly connects to Internet and how it downloads the set points of local power converters; the authors also show how the EVK1100 and Raspberry exchange data each other.

Alessandro Burgio*, University of Calabria; Daniele Menniti, Universit? della Calabria; Anna Pinnarelli, Universit? della Calabria; Nicola Sorrentino, Universit? della Calabria; Michele Motta, University of Calabria

715

Reliability and Maintenance in High-Power Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems: A Survey of Critical Issues and Failures

In the last ten years, after the ﬁrst Italian feed- in-tariff, it has been observed that during the operation and maintenance of large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic systems, several unexpected problems may occur whose solution calls for speciﬁc strategies not initially planned at the design stage. Based on information gathered from more than 80 plants located in Italy, this work outlines the most widespread issues, the principal typologies of failures and unexpected events that occur in photovoltaic plants and tries to propose the best ways to solve them.

Giulia Piantoni*, University of Rome La Sapienza; Rodolfo Araneo, La Sapienza University

716

Electrical risks assessment and management at work in Italy_abstract

Electrical risks assessment and management at work in Italy

Ruggero Maialetti*, INAIL

717

Periodic inspection and testing of electrical installations in potentially explosive atmospheres

fausto Ditosto*, INAIL